Question 1

Which statement about human adaption to hypoxia is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  It requires increases in red blood cell concentrations. 
B)  Its physiological characteristics vary among different human populations. 
C)  It involves the development of a larger-than-average lung capacity. 
D)  It is characterized by higher breathing and blood flow rates.

Question 2

Which animals are most likely to go into torpor during the winter?

Accepted Answer

A)  Polar bears 
B)  Black bears 
C)  Marmots 
D)  Penguins

Question 3

The condition known as pubescence, which refers to the presence of hair on the surface of leaves,

Accepted Answer

A)  is often found in plants that live in particularly humid climates. 
B)  increases the effectiveness of convective heat loss. 
C)  lowers the absorption of solar radiation by leaf structures. 
D)  serves only as a deterrent to herbivory.

Question 4

Which type of heat transfer is much more common in plants than in animals?

Accepted Answer

A)  Output of infrared radiation 
B)  Evaporative heat loss 
C)  Metabolic heat generation 
D)  Reception of solar radiation

Question 5

A man, shipwrecked at sea, spends 12 hours floating in the ocean before washing up on the shore of a deserted island. This man's core body temperature has decreased due to the many hours spent in the cold ocean water, and he needs to warm up once he reaches the island. Here are two options for warming up:
Option 1: Siting on black rocks in the direct sunlight.
Option 2: Sheltering under a dense tree and using dry leaves as insulation.
Describe three different conditions in which sheltering under the dry leaves would provide more opportunity for heating up than sitting on the black rocks.

Accepted Answer

The answer of A man, shipwrecked at sea, spends 12...

Question 6

A tourist travels to the Himalayas. At first, she has difficulty hiking due to shortness of breath, but after a week, her performance has improved. This is most likely an example of _______ to lower partial pressure of oxygen. The lower oxygen condition is also known as _______.

Accepted Answer

A)  adaptation; hyperoxia 
B)  acclimatization; hypoxia 
C)  acclimatization; hyperoxia 
D)  adaptation; hypothermia

Question 7

The thermoneutral zone is the range of temperatures in which an active endotherm

Accepted Answer

A)  can survive. 
B)  is operating at its basal metabolic rate. 
C)  is operating at its maximum metabolic rate. 
D)  is in torpor.

Question 8

Refer to the figure.
 
-The figure shows the distribution of aspen in North America and the factors that limit it. What is the most common factor limiting aspen's distribution near Lake Ontario?

Accepted Answer

A)  Failure to survive drought 
B)  Failure of fruits to ripen 
C)  Failure of flowers to survive frost 
D)  There are no limiting factors on aspen near Lake Ontario.

Question 9

The wooly plant of the Himalayas has adapted to the low temperatures of the alpine zone by growing dense pubescence that provides thermal insulation. What tradeoff occurs because of this adaptation?

Accepted Answer

A)  Reduced radiation at the leaf surface and lower photosynthetic rates 
B)  Increased radiative warming because of increased reflection from the white hairs 
C)  Increased water loss because of a thicker boundary layer around leaf 
D)  Increased daily thermal amplitude because of thicker boundary layer

Question 10

Leaves that are comparatively _______ and _______ lose the most heat to wind because they have _______ boundary layers than other leaves.

Accepted Answer

A)  small; smooth; thinner 
B)  small; smooth; thicker 
C)  large; rough; thinner 
D)  large; rough; thicker

Question 11

Mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians have circulatory systems driven by a pumping heart that transports nutrients, oxygen, and water throughout the body. Plants do not have a pumping heart, yet nutrients and water are transported, even in very large plants like trees. Why is it that plants do not need a pumping heart? What affects the rate at which water is transported through a plant?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians have circulatory...

Question 12

During cold periods, marmots enter a state of torpor in order to alter their lower critical body temperature. In comparison to the body temperature of a bear during its long winter sleep, the temperature of the marmot drops _______, and the duration of the torpor is _______ the bear's period of sleep.

Accepted Answer

A)  much more; much shorter than 
B)  much less; much shorter than 
C)  to about the same extent; much shorter than 
D)  much more; about the same as

Question 13

The extreme lower limit for organismal function is reached when body temperature reaches about _______, the temperature at which _______.

Accepted Answer

A)  0°C; water in cells freezes 
B)  0°C; ATP production stops 
C)  3°C; enzymes become denatured 
D)  -3°C; water in cells freezes

Question 14

Suppose a plant is receiving 190 units of heat per minute due to solar radiation, and 60 units of heat per minute due to infrared radiation. Eighty units per minute of solar radiation are reflected back by the leaves, and it emits 30 units of infrared radiation. It also loses 140 units of heat per minute through evapotranspiration. The temperature of a plant is not changing. Based on this, we can conclude that the combination of conduction and convection is resulting in a _______ of heat to the plant, and that its temperature is currently _______ the ambient temperature.

Accepted Answer

A)  zero net change; the same as 
B)  net input; colder than 
C)  net output; warmer than 
D)  net output; colder than

Question 15

Which statement about ecotypes is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  Ecotypes are populations with adaptations to unique environments. 
B)  Ecotypes can never become separate species. 
C)  An ecotype is always able to acclimate to severe cold weather. 
D)  Ecotypes are a response to abiotic factors only.

Question 16

Which of the following is an example of something that could be predicted with information on a species' "climate envelope"?

Accepted Answer

A)  The reproductive rate of that species 
B)  The growth rate of the species 
C)  The survival rate of the species 
D)  The range that the species could potentially inhabit

Question 17

The energy associated with dissolved solutes is called

Accepted Answer

A)  matric potential. 
B)  osmotic potential. 
C)  pressure potential. 
D)  kinetic osmosis.

Question 18

Many animals behave in ways that allow them to regulate their temperatures. Using the examples of the shipwrecked person and a kangaroo rat, what resource must both conserve? How are the actions of the person on the island and the actions of a kangaroo rat in the desert similar? How are they different in terms of their goals and mechanisms for managing their body temperature?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Many animals behave in ways that allow...

Question 19

The cells of a fish are about 0.85% salt. One liter of water is about 1,000 grams. Solution A contains 70 grams of salt in 5 liters of water, solution B contains 120 grams of salt in 10 liters of water, and solution C contains 50 grams of salt in 10 liters of water. Which solution(s) is(are) hyperosmotic relative to the fish's cells?

Accepted Answer

A)  Solution A only 
B)  Solution B only 
C)  Both solution A and solution B 
D)  Both solution B and solution C

Question 20

Compared with large endotherms, small endotherms require _______ feeding rates, partly because they have a _______ surface area-to-volume ratio.

Accepted Answer

A)  similar; similar 
B)  lower; lower 
C)  higher; higher 
D)  lower; higher

Exam 4: Coping With Environmental Variation:

Which statement about human adaption to hypoxia is true?

Which animals are most likely to go into torpor during the winter?

The condition known as pubescence, which refers to the presence of hair on the surface of leaves,

Which type of heat transfer is much more common in plants than in animals?

A tourist travels to the Himalayas. At first, she has difficulty hiking due to shortness of breath, but after a week, her performance has improved. This is most likely an example of _ to lower partial pressure of oxygen. The lower oxygen condition is also known as _.

The thermoneutral zone is the range of temperatures in which an active endotherm

Refer to the figure. -The figure shows the distribution of aspen in North America and the factors that limit it. What is the most common factor limiting aspen's distribution near Lake Ontario?

The wooly plant of the Himalayas has adapted to the low temperatures of the alpine zone by growing dense pubescence that provides thermal insulation. What tradeoff occurs because of this adaptation?

Leaves that are comparatively ___ and _ lose the most heat to wind because they have _____ boundary layers than other leaves.

During cold periods, marmots enter a state of torpor in order to alter their lower critical body temperature. In comparison to the body temperature of a bear during its long winter sleep, the temperature of the marmot drops _, and the duration of the torpor is _ the bear's period of sleep.

The extreme lower limit for organismal function is reached when body temperature reaches about _, the temperature at which _.

Which statement about ecotypes is true?

Which of the following is an example of something that could be predicted with information on a species' "climate envelope"?

The energy associated with dissolved solutes is called

Compared with large endotherms, small endotherms require _ feeding rates, partly because they have a _ surface area-to-volume ratio.