Question 1

Research evaluating restorative justice programs has:

Accepted Answer

A)  produced strong evidence that restorative justice programs reduce the risk of reoffending 
B)  produced mixed evidence that such programs increase victims' and offenders' satisfaction and sense of being treated fairly 
C)  tended not to focus on whether or not such programs reduce recidivism 
D)  a and b 
E)  b and c

Question 2

Labeling theory utilizes stigmatizing labels as both an independent and a dependent variable. Define what this means, and delineate the ways in which labeling theory uses both in the explanation of deviance as a social phenomenon.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Labeling theory utilizes stigmatizing labels as both...

Question 3

Although there has not yet been much research done, there is some evidence that faith-based treatment and rehabilitation programs in prisons have positive effects on offenders' reintegration into the community and reduction of their risk of recidivism.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 4

Which of the following propositions has been supported by empirical research?

Accepted Answer

A)  The application of deviant labels is based largely upon societal stereotypes of deviants. 
B)  The causes of initial minor acts of deviance are not important factors in the development of a deviant career. 
C)  People are basically powerless to avoid the negative consequences of stigmatizing labels. 
D)  Official sanctions have profound effects on the development of negative self-concepts. 
E)  none of the above

Question 5

Labeling theory focuses only on the negative effects of formal labels of deviance, ignoring the effects of informal labeling.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 6

In Braithwaite's theory, reintegrative shaming that reconciles the offender with the community is more likely in communitarian societies.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 7

Why people commit initial acts of deviance is beyond the scope of labeling theory.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 8

What is "restorative justice," and what kinds of programs are usually included as restorative justice? Have these programs been effective? Give specific examples.

Accepted Answer

The answer of What is "restorative justice," and what kinds...

Question 9

Which of the following programs rest in large part on reintegrative shaming theory?

Accepted Answer

A)  adolescent transition programs 
B)  faith-based programs 
C)  restorative justice programs 
D)  a and b only 
E)  b and c only

Question 10

What are the implications of labeling theory for understanding the social distribution of crime by race, sex, and social class? Does research support this view?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What are the implications of labeling theory...

Question 11

Restorative justice programs offer entirely new ways of responding to crime that have never been implemented in the past or in other societies.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 12

Although labeling theory has several implications for criminal and juvenile justice policy, they have been largely ignored by practitioners and policymakers.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 13

What evidence has thus far been produced by research on "faith-based" programs in prisons shows that they are primarily run by religious fanatics and have no effect on postrelease recidivism.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 14

Labeling theory focuses on each of the following except:

Accepted Answer

A)  how certain behaviors come to be defined as criminal 
B)  how certain people are selected for the application of deviant labels 
C)  the stigmatizing consequences of labeling 
D)  the deterrent benefits of labeling 
E)  labeling theory focuses on all of the above

Exam 7: Labeling and Reintegrative Shaming Theory

Research evaluating restorative justice programs has:

Labeling theory utilizes stigmatizing labels as both an independent and a dependent variable. Define what this means, and delineate the ways in which labeling theory uses both in the explanation of deviance as a social phenomenon.

Although there has not yet been much research done, there is some evidence that faith-based treatment and rehabilitation programs in prisons have positive effects on offenders' reintegration into the community and reduction of their risk of recidivism.

Which of the following propositions has been supported by empirical research?

Labeling theory focuses only on the negative effects of formal labels of deviance, ignoring the effects of informal labeling.

In Braithwaite's theory, reintegrative shaming that reconciles the offender with the community is more likely in communitarian societies.

Why people commit initial acts of deviance is beyond the scope of labeling theory.

What is "restorative justice," and what kinds of programs are usually included as restorative justice? Have these programs been effective? Give specific examples.

Which of the following programs rest in large part on reintegrative shaming theory?

What are the implications of labeling theory for understanding the social distribution of crime by race, sex, and social class? Does research support this view?

Restorative justice programs offer entirely new ways of responding to crime that have never been implemented in the past or in other societies.

Although labeling theory has several implications for criminal and juvenile justice policy, they have been largely ignored by practitioners and policymakers.

What evidence has thus far been produced by research on "faith-based" programs in prisons shows that they are primarily run by religious fanatics and have no effect on postrelease recidivism.

Labeling theory focuses on each of the following except: