Question 1

________ is an example of the rapid encoding of flexible associations.

Accepted Answer

Episodic memory

Question 2

Reductions in cortisol combined with a heightened autonomic response might be observed in someone suffering from ________.

Accepted Answer

A)   Korsakoff's syndrome.
B)   Hippocampal lesions.
C)   Major depressive disorder (MD
D)  .
D)   Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTS
D)  . D

Question 3

________ of memories allows for the upgrading of memory stores each time they are retrieved.

Accepted Answer

A)   Postretrieval lability
B)   Retrieval metamorphosis
C)   Reactivational plasticity
D)   Postactivational plasticity A

Question 4

________ spent his entire career searching for the memory engram.

Accepted Answer

A)   Karl Lashley
B)   Eric Kandel
C)   Donald Hebb
D)   B. F. Skinner

Question 5

The facilitation of synaptic transmission underlying the behavioral sensitization of gill retraction in Aplysia is due to the changes in the enzymatic activity of __________.

Accepted Answer

A)   Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) 
B)   cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PK
A)  
C)   Serotonin
D)   Calcium

Question 6

_____________ refers to the failure to attend to a detail that could be relevant while selectively focusing attention on another task.

Accepted Answer

A)   Tunnel vision
B)   Inattentional blindness
C)   Misdirection
D)   Attention deficit disorder

Question 7

Alcoholic patients suffering from the memory disorder known as ________ may show confabulation.

Accepted Answer

A)   Korsakoff's syndrome
B)   delirium tremens
C)   Reye's syndrome
D)   cerebellar atrophy

Question 8

Patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have unusually high cortisol levels.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 9

What brain region encodes the probability of positive outcomes?

Accepted Answer

A)   Orbitofrontal cortex.
B)   Hippocampus.
C)   Lateral intraparietal area (LIP) .
D)   Medial prefrontal cortex (mPF
C)  .

Question 10

The rapid encoding of flexible associations is critically dependent on the ________.

Accepted Answer

A)   hippocampus
B)   basal ganglia
C)   cerebellum
D)   parahippocampal gyrus

Question 11

Highly superior autobiographical memory (HSAM) is often associated with ________.

Accepted Answer

A)   Reduced insula volume.
B)   Obsessive-compulsive disorder.
C)   Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTS
D)  .
D)   Reduced volume in the striatum.

Question 12

______ is a brain change associated with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

Accepted Answer

A)   Reduced hippocampal volume
B)   Reduced anterior cingulate cortex activity
C)   Reduced amygdala activity
D)   Reduced insular cortex activity

Question 13

Why is it unlikely that the grandmother cell hypothesis is true?

Accepted Answer

A)   It does not explain implicit memory.
B)   Henry Molaison was able to remember his own grandmother.
C)   Lettvin was unable to find a grandmother cell.
D)   It would be too easy to forget our grandmother following injury.

Question 14

Our ability to learn complex tasks, such as driving, to achieve everyday goals is dependent on ______________.

Accepted Answer

A)   hand-eye coordination
B)   simple repetition
C)   flexible neural networks
D)   stress hormones

Question 15

___________ observed and described long-term potentiation (LTP) in the hippocampus for the first time.

Accepted Answer

A)   Eric Kandel
B)   John O'Keefe and John Dostrovsky
C)   Timothy Bliss and Terje Lomo
D)   Donald Hebb

Question 16

Transgenic mice with extra copies of the NR2B gene ___________ their normal counterparts in object recognition tasks.

Accepted Answer

A)   moved more slowly than
B)   moved more quickly than
C)   performed better than
D)   performed worse than

Question 17

___________ of active regions in the brain is one likely mechanism for learning-dependent structural plasticity.

Accepted Answer

A)   The formation and rearrangement of dendrites on neurons
B)   The uptake of glucose
C)   The uptake of oxygen
D)   Increased blood flow

Question 18

The theory that multiple brain areas contribute equally to a particular task or function is referred to as ________________.

Accepted Answer

A)   Hebbian synapse theory of learning
B)   the theory of equipotentiality
C)   cellular assembly theory of learning
D)   neural network theory

Question 19

A reinforcer increases the likelihood of a recurring response.

Accepted Answer