Question 1

Why do we not physically act out our dreams during REM sleep?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Why do we not physically act out...

Question 2

How is activity in the dorsal thalamus get regulated to cause someone to rouse from sleep?

Accepted Answer

A)  acetylcholine release from the paribrachial neurons depolarizes postsynaptic neurons and they start producing calcium spikes 
B)  GABA release from the paribrachial neurons depolarizes postsynaptic neurons and they stop producing calcium spikes 
C)  acetylcholine release from the paribrachial neurons depolarizes postsynaptic neurons and they stop producing calcium spikes 
D)  GABA release from the paribrachial neurons hyperpolarizes postsynaptic neurons and they stop producing calcium spikes

Question 3

In the cortical EEG reading above, what would you expect the activity of a neuron simultaneously recorded in the locus coeruleus to be at the areas indicated by the red horizontal bar?

Accepted Answer

A)  a corresponding decrease in locus coeruleus firing 
B)  a corresponding increase in locus coeruleus firing 
C)  no change in locus coeruleus firing

Question 4

Which of the following is a possible ordering of the projections from the retina to the higher ordered visual processing centers?

Accepted Answer

A)  lateral geniculate nucleus of thalamus $\rightarrow$V1$\rightarrow$middle temporal area$\rightarrow$V4$\rightarrow$inferior temporal cortex 
B)  lateral geniculate nucleus of thalamus $\rightarrow$V1$\rightarrow$V2$\rightarrow$V3$\rightarrow$V4 $\rightarrow$inferior temporal cortex 
C)  lateral geniculate nucleus of thalamus $\rightarrow$V1$\rightarrow$V3$\rightarrow$middle temporal area$\rightarrow$posterior parietal cortex 
D)  lateral geniculate nucleus of thalamus $\rightarrow$V1$\rightarrow$V4$\rightarrow$inferior temporal cortex 
E)  all of the above

Question 5

The cued spatial attention experiments using monkeys represented in figures 13.7 and 13.8 In the text have yielded some important results in our understanding of the strength and speed of neurons involved in covert attention. In your own words, summarize the experimental setup and findings of these experiments.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The cued spatial attention experiments using monkeys...

Question 6

Which statement best describes how frontal eye field (FEF) activity and covert voluntary attention?

Accepted Answer

A)  FEF neuron activity is solely dependent on premotor activity when a stimulus is in their receptive field 
B)  FEF neuron activity decreases as covert attention is directed to a stimulus in their receptive field 
C)  FEF neuron activity increases as covert attention is directed to a stimulus in their receptive field 
D)  FEF neuron activity is unchanged as covert attention is directed to a stimulus in their receptive field

Question 7

The rapid eye movements of REM sleep are caused by activation of the cholinergic ____________neurons that are also active when you are awake.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The rapid eye movements of REM sleep...

Question 8

Match the following neurotransmitters with their role in arousal from sleep:
-_____released by the posterior hypothalamus and cause behavioral arousal

Accepted Answer

A)  glutamate 
B)  acetylcholine 
C)  histamine 
D)  hypocretin.

Question 9

In the circuitry shown below where green is excitatory and red is inhibitory, would you expect the following to be in a a slow-wave or REM sleep state?
Ventrolateral Periaqueductal Gray $\rightarrow$Subcoeruleus$\rightarrow$intermediary neurons$\rightarrow$skeletal motor neurons

Accepted Answer

A)  slow-wave 
B)  REM

Question 10

What sort of search are you performing when you identify the green heart in the image above?

Accepted Answer

A)  serial search 
B)  parallel search 
C)  salient search 
D)  all of the above

Question 11

Design an experiment that you could specifically activate or inhibit a thalamocortical neuron and measure the resulting activity of this neuron.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Design an experiment that you could specifically...

Question 12

Specifically focusing on the lyrics of a song on the radio is a form of ___________attention, while noticing a high falsetto more poignantly than the rest of the members of a musical chorus is a form of____________attention.

Accepted Answer

A)  voluntary, voluntary 
B)  involuntary, involuntary 
C)  voluntary, involuntary 
D)  involuntary, voluntary

Question 13

Explain in your own words the difference between overt and covert stimulus and give an example of each. How does inhibition of return add to these mechanisms of attention?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Explain in your own words the difference...

Question 14

How do adrenergic receptors in prefrontal cortex neurons respond to norepinephrine?

Accepted Answer

A)  they are excited by α-1 receptor activation and inhibited by α-2 activation 
B)  they are excited by α-2 receptor activation and inhibited by α-1 activation 
C)  they only express α-1 receptors that are inhibited by norephinephrine 
D)  they are inhibited at low levels of norepinephrine and excited as more norepinephrine is released. 
E)  all of the above

Question 15

Which of the following is the best explanation for why we need a generalized arousal response instead of only less energertically-costly, attention-focused responses?

Accepted Answer

A)  we need the ability to respond to stimuli that we are unfamiliar or unprepared for 
B)  we are incapable of learning attention-focused responses quick enough 
C)  we are at the mercy of only one type of response to excitatory neurotransmitters 
D)  our ability to discriminate between distinct stimuli is not very evolved

Question 16

Match the following as being associated being
-____ a faster flow of CSF through the ventricles

Accepted Answer

A)  awake 
B)  asleep.

Question 17

In order to specifically identify if electrical stimulation of the superior colliculus could improve covert attention, all of the following had to be achieved in the experimental setup, except.

Accepted Answer

A)  the stimulus was below the threshold necessary to induce an eye saccade 
B)  the monkeys' eyes needed to stay on the fixation point 
C)  the movement of the dots in the periphery had to be less than 10% in the same direction 
D)  all other stimuli, such as sounds, had to be kept to a minimum and constant 
E)  the monkey's had to be awake

Question 18

Why is our innate ability to notice salient stimuli more acutely than background stimuli beneficial?

Accepted Answer

A)  it helps us to learn tasks more easily 
B)  it alerts us of potential benefits and threats 
C)  it allows us to focus more acutely on voluntary stimuli 
D)  it is not necessarily beneficial, it is actually detrimental to our ability to focus

Question 19

Design an experiment using mice in which you could specifically determine which brain regions decrease their oxygen and glucose utilization to the greatest degree during sleep.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Design an experiment using mice in which...

Question 20

Refer to figure 13.2, In the text if in Helmholtz's experiment the small whole through which light was shown was moved around every time the flash of light entered the box, would the subject still be able to identify letters in a region of the box he focused his attention on? Why or why not?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Refer to figure 13.2, In the text...

Exam 13: Regulating Brain States

Why do we not physically act out our dreams during REM sleep?

How is activity in the dorsal thalamus get regulated to cause someone to rouse from sleep?

In the cortical EEG reading above, what would you expect the activity of a neuron simultaneously recorded in the locus coeruleus to be at the areas indicated by the red horizontal bar?

Which of the following is a possible ordering of the projections from the retina to the higher ordered visual processing centers?

Which statement best describes how frontal eye field (FEF) activity and covert voluntary attention?

The rapid eye movements of REM sleep are caused by activation of the cholinergic ____________neurons that are also active when you are awake.

Match the following neurotransmitters with their role in arousal from sleep: -_____released by the posterior hypothalamus and cause behavioral arousal

In the circuitry shown below where green is excitatory and red is inhibitory, would you expect the following to be in a a slow-wave or REM sleep state? Ventrolateral Periaqueductal Gray $\rightarrow$ Subcoeruleus $\rightarrow$ intermediary neurons $\rightarrow$ skeletal motor neurons

What sort of search are you performing when you identify the green heart in the image above?

Design an experiment that you could specifically activate or inhibit a thalamocortical neuron and measure the resulting activity of this neuron.

Specifically focusing on the lyrics of a song on the radio is a form of _attention, while noticing a high falsetto more poignantly than the rest of the members of a musical chorus is a form of__attention.

Explain in your own words the difference between overt and covert stimulus and give an example of each. How does inhibition of return add to these mechanisms of attention?

How do adrenergic receptors in prefrontal cortex neurons respond to norepinephrine?

Which of the following is the best explanation for why we need a generalized arousal response instead of only less energertically-costly, attention-focused responses?

Match the following as being associated being -____ a faster flow of CSF through the ventricles

In order to specifically identify if electrical stimulation of the superior colliculus could improve covert attention, all of the following had to be achieved in the experimental setup, except.

Why is our innate ability to notice salient stimuli more acutely than background stimuli beneficial?

Design an experiment using mice in which you could specifically determine which brain regions decrease their oxygen and glucose utilization to the greatest degree during sleep.

Refer to figure 13.2, In the text if in Helmholtz's experiment the small whole through which light was shown was moved around every time the flash of light entered the box, would the subject still be able to identify letters in a region of the box he focused his attention on? Why or why not?

Exam 13: Regulating Brain States

Why do we not physically act out our dreams during REM sleep?

How is activity in the dorsal thalamus get regulated to cause someone to rouse from sleep?

In the cortical EEG reading above, what would you expect the activity of a neuron simultaneously recorded in the locus coeruleus to be at the areas indicated by the red horizontal bar?

Which of the following is a possible ordering of the projections from the retina to the higher ordered visual processing centers?

Which statement best describes how frontal eye field (FEF) activity and covert voluntary attention?

The rapid eye movements of REM sleep are caused by activation of the cholinergic ____________neurons that are also active when you are awake.

Match the following neurotransmitters with their role in arousal from sleep: -_____released by the posterior hypothalamus and cause behavioral arousal

In the circuitry shown below where green is excitatory and red is inhibitory, would you expect the following to be in a a slow-wave or REM sleep state? Ventrolateral Periaqueductal Gray →\rightarrow→ Subcoeruleus →\rightarrow→ intermediary neurons →\rightarrow→ skeletal motor neurons

What sort of search are you performing when you identify the green heart in the image above?

Design an experiment that you could specifically activate or inhibit a thalamocortical neuron and measure the resulting activity of this neuron.

Specifically focusing on the lyrics of a song on the radio is a form of ___________attention, while noticing a high falsetto more poignantly than the rest of the members of a musical chorus is a form of____________attention.

Explain in your own words the difference between overt and covert stimulus and give an example of each. How does inhibition of return add to these mechanisms of attention?

How do adrenergic receptors in prefrontal cortex neurons respond to norepinephrine?

Which of the following is the best explanation for why we need a generalized arousal response instead of only less energertically-costly, attention-focused responses?

Match the following as being associated being -____ a faster flow of CSF through the ventricles

In order to specifically identify if electrical stimulation of the superior colliculus could improve covert attention, all of the following had to be achieved in the experimental setup, except.

Why is our innate ability to notice salient stimuli more acutely than background stimuli beneficial?

Design an experiment using mice in which you could specifically determine which brain regions decrease their oxygen and glucose utilization to the greatest degree during sleep.

Refer to figure 13.2, In the text if in Helmholtz's experiment the small whole through which light was shown was moved around every time the flash of light entered the box, would the subject still be able to identify letters in a region of the box he focused his attention on? Why or why not?

In the circuitry shown below where green is excitatory and red is inhibitory, would you expect the following to be in a a slow-wave or REM sleep state? Ventrolateral Periaqueductal Gray $\rightarrow$ Subcoeruleus $\rightarrow$ intermediary neurons $\rightarrow$ skeletal motor neurons

Specifically focusing on the lyrics of a song on the radio is a form of _attention, while noticing a high falsetto more poignantly than the rest of the members of a musical chorus is a form of__attention.