Question 1

Which of the following is an accurate statement regarding endocrine disruptors?

Accepted Answer

A)  endocrine disrupters often mimic female sex hormones 
B)  developing organisms tend to be more sensitive to endocrine disrupters than older animals 
C)  endocrine disrupters may have effects on sexual characteristics such as reproductive tissues and fertility rates 
D)  endocrine disrupters may have effects on body weight 
E)  all of the above are accurate statements

Question 2

You observe the structure and function of a muscle fiber in the lab. You find that membrane depolarization is not always necessary in order to cause contraction, and that actin filaments are not arranged longitudinally along the length of the fiber. Most likely you are observing a _______________________.

Accepted Answer

A)  skeletal muscle cell 
B)  cardiac muscle cell 
C)  smooth muscle cell 
D)  skin cell

Question 3

The three main types of muscle (cardiac, skeletal, smooth) function in a coordinated way in humans and other vertebrates. Propose a hypothesis as to which type arose earliest over evolutionary time. In other words, do you think ancient organisms evolved something most similar to smooth, cardiac, or skeletal muscle first? Justify your proposal by stating the selective advantage that these early muscle cells would have conferred on an organism.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The three main types of muscle (cardiac,...

Question 4

Compare and contrast skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle. Which of the following does NOT accurately describe these tissues?

Accepted Answer

A)  Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter that leads to depolarization of skeletal muscle fibers and cardiac muscle fibers. 
B)  Cardiac muscle has an intrinsic ability to contract, whereas skeletal muscle requires neural input 
C)  Cardiac muscle fibers attach to each other, whereas skeletal muscle fibers attach to tendons, bone, or skin. 
D)  Cardiac muscle fibers generally contain metabotropic acetylcholine receptors, whereas skeletal muscle fibers generally contain ionotropic (nicotinic) acetylcholine receptors.

Question 5

You observe the structure and function of a muscle in the lab. You find that the cells requires tropomyosin displacement in order for myosin heads to bind actin, and that there is a great deal of electrical coupling between adjacent cells. Most likely you are observing _______________________.

Accepted Answer

A)  skeletal muscle 
B)  cardiac muscle 
C)  smooth muscle

Question 6

Which of the following tissues are controlled by neurons?

Accepted Answer

A)  Mammillary glands 
B)  Sweat glands 
C)  Glands that secrete hormones 
D)  all of the above

Question 7

Which of the following is NOT an accurate statement regarding the structure and function of outer hair cells?

Accepted Answer

A)  Outer hair cells express large amounts of prestin, a membrane-bound protein 
B)  Outer hair cells are responsible for the majority of sensory innervation that arises in the cochlea 
C)  Outer hair cells outnumber inner hair cells 3:1 
D)  Outer hair cells aid in the detection of quiet sounds

Question 8

Gap junctions and electrical coupling allow neurons to fire synchronously. Outline 3 examples of when this occurs in the nervous system, comparing and contrasting the role of each in organismal function.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Gap junctions and electrical coupling allow neurons...

Question 9

Make a diagram that shows why an animal experiences rigor mortis after death. Your diagram should have 2 panels that show cellular processes inside a muscle fiber. In the first panel, draw the state of the muscle at the time of death. The second should depict the state of the muscle about 4 hours after death of the tissue. Your diagram should include the role of calcium and ATP, actin filaments, and myosin.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Make a diagram that shows why an...

Question 10

Create a flow chart that depicts a powerful muscle contraction that first involves a few muscle fibers and then involves many muscle fibers. Your flow chart should depict the involvement of at least 3 motor units, and include details about the number of muscle fibers involved for each and the size of action potentials and motor neurons.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Create a flow chart that depicts a...

Question 11

Which of the following is an accurate statement regarding muscle spindles?

Accepted Answer

A)  They are a sensory structure that contains mechanosensory neurons 
B)  They are innervated by motor neurons that cause contraction of muscle fibers 
C)  They are found embedded in skeletal muscle 
D)  all of the above are accurate statements regarding muscle spindles

Question 12

In a research study, you monitor a patients blood at 15 min intervals over the course of an hour. You find that estradiol increases. One explanation might be that

Accepted Answer

A)  the HPA axis was activated 
B)  leutinizing hormone released from the anterior pituitary caused estradiol to be released from the ovaries 
C)  parvocellular neurons have released estradiol from the anterior pituitary 
D)  gonadotropin releasing hormone has acted on the ovaries to cause estradiol release

Question 13

Which of the following statements accurately describe smooth muscle?

Accepted Answer

A)  actin and myosin are both present in smooth muscle cells (myoepithelial cells) 
B)  actin filaments criss-cross myoepithelial cells 
C)  myoepithelial cells have only one nucleus 
D)  all of the above

Question 14

Analyze Figures 8.22 and 8.23. In the text Which of the following can you conclude from these data?

Accepted Answer

A)  Lactating rat mothers show increased astrocytes and astrocytic processes between magnocellular neurons as compared with non-lactating rat mothers 
B)  Lactating rat mothers show increased gap junctions between magnocellular neurons as compared with non-lactating rat mothers 
C)  Bursts of action potentials that last for greater than 10 sec are required in order to stimulate milk ejection in mammary tissue 
D)  higher frequency stimulation of the pituitary gland leads to increased oxytocin release as compared to lower frequency stimulation 
E)  all of the above can be concluded from these data

Question 15

Analyze figure 8.10. In the text Which of the following can NOT be concluded from these data?

Accepted Answer

A)  Multiple motor units are equally active at any given contractile force. 
B)  Increasing the strength of a muscle contraction involves the recruitment of multiple motor units 
C)  Recruitment of additional motor units leads to greater contractile force of a muscle 
D)  It is possible to distinguish the activity of different motor units in humans

Question 16

Place the following events in the order they occur to cause and carry out a muscle contraction.
____ sodium and other cations flow into the cell
____ ACh is released from a motor neuron
____ ACh binds receptors on the motor end plate
____ voltage-sensing ryanodine receptors allow an influx of calcium ions
____ high intracellular calcium levels allow tropomyosin to move out of the way of myosin binding sites
____ calcium is released from intracellular storage in the sarcoplasmic reticulum
____ myosin heads bind actin and muscle contraction ensues if ATP levels are adequate

Accepted Answer

The answer of Place the following events in the order...

Question 17

Place the following events in order that describe the HPG axis.
____ testes secrete testosterone
____ parvocellular neurons fire action potentials
____ leutinizing hormone is secreted
____ gonadotropin releasing hormone secreted

Accepted Answer

The answer of Place the following events in order that...

Question 18

Many plant- and animal-derived toxin have effects on the neuromuscular junction. Compose an argument as to why the neuromuscular junction is a widespread target for toxins.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Many plant- and animal-derived toxin have effects...

Question 19

Which of the following statements does NOT accurately describe electrical signaling in cardiac myocytes?

Accepted Answer

A)  cardiac action potentials last 100X longer than those in a neuron or skeletal muscle 
B)  voltage-gated sodium channels open during membrane depolarization 
C)  voltage-gated calcium channels open during membrane polarization 
D)  hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide (HCN) channels release calcium from intracellular stores

Question 20

Discriminate between the different types of muscle tissue described in Chapter 8. Choose which muscle type is most consistent with each statement below, and write one of the following in each blank: skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, smooth muscle.
-___________________ calmodulin regulates the binding of myosin heads to actin filaments

Accepted Answer

The answer of Discriminate between the different types of muscle...

Exam 8: Using Muscles and Glands

Which of the following is an accurate statement regarding endocrine disruptors?

Compare and contrast skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle. Which of the following does NOT accurately describe these tissues?

You observe the structure and function of a muscle in the lab. You find that the cells requires tropomyosin displacement in order for myosin heads to bind actin, and that there is a great deal of electrical coupling between adjacent cells. Most likely you are observing _______________________.

Which of the following tissues are controlled by neurons?

Which of the following is NOT an accurate statement regarding the structure and function of outer hair cells?

Gap junctions and electrical coupling allow neurons to fire synchronously. Outline 3 examples of when this occurs in the nervous system, comparing and contrasting the role of each in organismal function.

Which of the following is an accurate statement regarding muscle spindles?

In a research study, you monitor a patients blood at 15 min intervals over the course of an hour. You find that estradiol increases. One explanation might be that

Which of the following statements accurately describe smooth muscle?

Analyze Figures 8.22 and 8.23. In the text Which of the following can you conclude from these data?

Analyze figure 8.10. In the text Which of the following can NOT be concluded from these data?

Place the following events in order that describe the HPG axis. testes secrete testosterone parvocellular neurons fire action potentials leutinizing hormone is secreted gonadotropin releasing hormone secreted

Many plant- and animal-derived toxin have effects on the neuromuscular junction. Compose an argument as to why the neuromuscular junction is a widespread target for toxins.

Which of the following statements does NOT accurately describe electrical signaling in cardiac myocytes?

Exam 8: Using Muscles and Glands

Which of the following is an accurate statement regarding endocrine disruptors?

Compare and contrast skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle. Which of the following does NOT accurately describe these tissues?

You observe the structure and function of a muscle in the lab. You find that the cells requires tropomyosin displacement in order for myosin heads to bind actin, and that there is a great deal of electrical coupling between adjacent cells. Most likely you are observing _______________________.

Which of the following tissues are controlled by neurons?

Which of the following is NOT an accurate statement regarding the structure and function of outer hair cells?

Gap junctions and electrical coupling allow neurons to fire synchronously. Outline 3 examples of when this occurs in the nervous system, comparing and contrasting the role of each in organismal function.

Which of the following is an accurate statement regarding muscle spindles?

In a research study, you monitor a patients blood at 15 min intervals over the course of an hour. You find that estradiol increases. One explanation might be that

Which of the following statements accurately describe smooth muscle?

Analyze Figures 8.22 and 8.23. In the text Which of the following can you conclude from these data?

Analyze figure 8.10. In the text Which of the following can NOT be concluded from these data?

Place the following events in order that describe the HPG axis. ____ testes secrete testosterone ____ parvocellular neurons fire action potentials ____ leutinizing hormone is secreted ____ gonadotropin releasing hormone secreted

Many plant- and animal-derived toxin have effects on the neuromuscular junction. Compose an argument as to why the neuromuscular junction is a widespread target for toxins.

Which of the following statements does NOT accurately describe electrical signaling in cardiac myocytes?

Place the following events in order that describe the HPG axis. testes secrete testosterone parvocellular neurons fire action potentials leutinizing hormone is secreted gonadotropin releasing hormone secreted