Question 1

The results from Loftus et al. (1979) show that blatantly inaccurate information ________ inoculate participants from encoding more subtle misinformation, ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  cannot; even if the blatantly false information is presented at the same time as the other misinformation 
B)  can help; but only if the blatantly false information is presented at the same time as the other misinformation 
C)  can help; no matter when the blatantly false information is presented 
D)  cannot; even if the blatantly false information is presented at a different time

Question 2

What are the two main approaches for suspect identification? What is problematic about each approach?

Accepted Answer

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Question 3

What is the cross-race effect (CRE) and how does it impact eyewitness identifications?

Accepted Answer

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Question 4

A leading question is ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  a question that by its form or content suggests the desired answer to the witness, or leads the witness to the desired answer 
B)  a question asked by the person in charge of the interrogation 
C)  the first question asked in a long series 
D)  the question most likely to be remembered by the witness when he or she appears in court

Question 5

The nature of human memory affects various aspects of the legal system, but does not immediately affect ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  reliability of confessions 
B)  identification of individuals from police lineups 
C)  jury deliberation 
D)  paternity attribution

Question 6

Ruva and McEvoy (2008) found that jurors who saw negative PTP ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  were more likely to attribute information presented in the trial to the trial 
B)  perceived the defendant as more credible 
C)  made fewer source memory errors 
D)  were more likely to find the defendant guilty

Question 7

Ruva and Guenther (2015) found that jurors exposed to _________.

Accepted Answer

A)  positive PTP perceived the defendant as less credible and made more source memory errors than no-PTP jurors 
B)  negative PTP perceived the defendant as less credible and made more source memory errors than no-PTP jurors 
C)  negative PTP perceived the defendant as more credible and made less source memory errors than no-PTP jurors 
D)  negative PTP perceived the defendant equally credible and made the same number of source memory errors as the no- PTP jurors

Question 8

In their research on jury note taking, Rosenhan et al. (1994) found ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  note-taking jurors remembered about the same amount of information as those who did not take notes 
B)  juror notes can help recall of trial related information 
C)  a negative correlation between the amount of words written and recall scores 
D)  note takers who wrote more did not recall any more information than those who did not take notes

Question 9

Compared to standard interviews, cognitive interviews typically result in ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  more information being recalled 
B)  more accurate information being recalled 
C)  less information being recalled 
D)  less accurate information being recalled

Question 10

Why might a person take responsibility for a crime that she or he did not commit?

Accepted Answer

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Question 11

Dozens of studies have shown that jurors ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  better remember testimony associated with negative emotions than testimony associated with positive emotions or no emotions at all 
B)  better remember testimony associated with positive emotions than testimony associated with negative emotions or no emotions at all 
C)  remember testimony associated with negative emotions to the same extent as testimony associated with positive emotions 
D)  better remember testimony associated with positive emotions than testimony associated with negative emotions or no emotions at all, but only if this conforms to their own bias

Question 12

In their study of juror memory mistakes, Pritchard and Keenan (2002) found ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  a strong correlation between juror memory accuracy and juror memory confidence 
B)  more confident jurors tend to lead jury deliberations 
C)  jurors who are more confident are more likely to change their verdicts to match the verdict of those leading the deliberation 
D)  jurors with more accurate memories tend to be most influential during deliberation

Question 13

In their 1974 study, Loftus and Palmer showed participants films of traffic accidents and then asked the participants to answer a series of questions about the________ of the vehicle, and the only difference between the questions asked of participants was ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  speed; the verb used in the question 
B)  model; the medium used to convey the question 
C)  colour; the age of the person asking the question 
D)  size; the medium used to convey the question

Question 14

In what ways does the legal system depends on memory? How can the legal system be made more just by acknowledging known patterns in human remembering?

Accepted Answer

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Question 15

What are the impacts of deliberation on juror's memories for trial evidence? Describe in detail and include relevant data from controlled studies.

Accepted Answer

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Question 16

What were the pivotal experiments by Loftus and Palmer (1974) on the eyewitness memory?

Accepted Answer

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Question 17

Cross-race effect (CRE) is ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  the finding that racial stereotypes are equally common among all racial groups 
B)  the discovery that eyewitnesses are less accurate at making identifications when the suspects are of a different race 
C)  the discovery that eyewitnesses are more accurate at making identifications when the suspects are of a different race 
D)  when racial stereotypes increase the probability of claiming that somebody is a suspect if he/she belongs to a race different from that of the witness

Question 18

Loftus and Palmer (1974) were interested in whether ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  the age of the interrogator could influence recall by the witness 
B)  peoples' memories for traffic accidents lasted longer than equivalent non-emotional memories 
C)  existing stereotypes could influence recall 
D)  peoples' memories for traffic accidents actually operated like a camera, creating a permanent and immutable trace

Question 19

How can emotional testimony with personal relevance affect the decisions of jurors?

Accepted Answer

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Question 20

Farwell's brain fingerprinting technique ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  has been extensively peer reviewed 
B)  is very effective for cases where facts about the crime are unknown 
C)  has been shown to me more reliable than a standard polygraph 
D)  relies heavily on the assumption that a guilty suspect will have a perfect, undistorted memory of the crime

Exam 11: Memory and the Law

The results from Loftus et al. (1979) show that blatantly inaccurate information inoculate participants from encoding more subtle misinformation, .