Question 1

What are the three reasons for the finding that the sum of what is remembered as a group is less than the sum of all the individual memories? Briefly explain each.

Accepted Answer

The answer of What are the three reasons for the...

Question 2

To understand the impact that recall has on memory, we must understand ________, which is the spread of ideas, information, and practices through interpersonal contact or communication.

Accepted Answer

A)  propaganda 
B)  priming 
C)  social contagion 
D)  social networks

Question 3

Better memory for material that has been brought up in conversation is related to the "generation effect," a phenomenon found in many memory paradigms where material that ________ generated by the participants ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  has not been; is better recalled, but only if the source is perceived to be both an expert and in position of power 
B)  has been; is better recalled 
C)  has not been; is better recalled 
D)  has been; is better recalled, but only if a period of sleep immediately follows

Question 4

The results from Hamilton and Gifford (1976) showed that stereotypes can be produced with relative ease ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  because distinctiveness-based illusory correlations may not reflect true representativeness of events in memory, but rather the relative distinctiveness of the person and the event in memory 
B)  only if distinctiveness-based illusory correlations reflect true representativeness of events in memory, and ignore any relative distinctiveness of the person and the event in memory 
C)  because this trait is strongly rooted in evolution 
D)  when emotions are used to reinforce the memory of the illusory correlations

Question 5

The mere exposure effect is closely related to the "propinquity effect," which is the _________.

Accepted Answer

A)  general finding that closeness may trigger aggressive behaviour 
B)  general finding that people who are around each other more like each other better 
C)  general finding that people who are around each other more do not like each other better 
D)  occasional finding that people who are around each other more like each other better

Question 6

What is the implicit-association test, published by Greenwald et al. (1998) and what does it reveal about stereotypes?

Accepted Answer

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Question 7

Implicit memory is memory that operates outside of awareness, and it is experienced as a sense of knowing without a sense of remembering. The sense of familiarity generated by implicit memory influences our beliefs and affects our social behaviour in a variety of ways. Explain these statements and discuss in some detail how implicit memories affect social behaviours.

Accepted Answer

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Question 8

The mere exposure effect is a term used in social psychology to describe ________ in positive affect that follows from ________ to a previously unfamiliar stimulus.

Accepted Answer

A)  an increase; repeated exposure 
B)  a decrease; repeated exposure 
C)  an increase; a single exposure 
D)  a decrease; a single exposure

Question 9

What are the costs and benefits associated with groups of people working together to try to recall the same information?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What are the costs and benefits associated...

Question 10

Participants are more likely to show social contagion when ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  the information is provided online 
B)  the speaker has less power than the listener 
C)  more than one speaker states the same facts 
D)  the listener is anxious about positive evaluation

Question 11

In certain cases, the sum of what is remembered as a group is less than the sum of all the individual memories. The following is not a reason for this phenomenon: ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  collaborative inhibition 
B)  information-sampling bias 
C)  false memories 
D)  audience tuning

Question 12

What is social contagion? What are three examples of cognitive moderators that heighten or lessen the observation of social contagion?

Accepted Answer

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Question 13

Transactive memory is thought to occur because ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  the same individual can find the same material more or less memorable under different emotional situations 
B)  the same individual can find the same material more or less memorable depending on the context of the initial presentation 
C)  different people forget items in different ways, i.e., with different speed and also depending on the specific content involved 
D)  different people find different material more memorable

Question 14

According to Elizabeth Loftus, the misinformation effect is ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  when participants reported the misinformation they received rather than aspects of the event that they actually witnessed 
B)  when participants willfully created and then reported some misinformation to please the audience 
C)  the observation that fake news events are always remembered longer than true events 
D)  the observation that people create misinformation when they believe they cannot be discovered

Question 15

Source of the misinformation effect do not include ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  that it can result from a desire to conform 
B)  that in most cases it originates from brain trauma 
C)  the "normative influences," a type of social conformity that occurs when a person conforms to the speaker's view for social reasons 
D)  when the participant is unable to recall whether a piece of information came from the original witnessed event or from information provided after the event

Question 16

What is a distinctiveness-based illusory correlation? How is this concept related to stereotypes?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What is a distinctiveness-based illusory correlation? How...

Question 17

Collaborative inhibition ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  decreases with group size 
B)  has been observed in pairs of close friends or married couples 
C)  is not affected by expertise 
D)  is attributed to retrieval disruption

Question 18

People who take the implicit-association test (IAT) will explicitly deny holding stereotypical views but will still show a tendency to make stereotype-consistent responses ________ than responses that are inconsistent with a stereotype, and this is because stereotypes are held in ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  more quickly; implicit memory beyond awareness and activated automatically 
B)  less quickly; implicit memory beyond awareness and activated automatically 
C)  more quickly; than responses that are inconsistent with a stereotype, and this is because stereotypes are held in explicit memory 
D)  less quickly; explicit memory

Question 19

"Participants are more likely to show social contagion when the speaker has more power than the listener." Provide examples taken from your own experience, discuss the social and political implications, and finally suggest the countermeasures that society should take to address this important issue.

Accepted Answer

The answer of "Participants are more likely to show social...

Question 20

Stereotypical information ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  is transmitted much less readily than information that does not support stereotypes 
B)  is unlikely to be shared among people 
C)  encourages the expression of information that would otherwise be suppressed 
D)  is easier to access in the memory than non-stereotypical information

Exam 10: Memory and Our Social Selves