Question 1

Why is the case of H.M. important for modern memory research?

Accepted Answer

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Question 2

In your textbook, "memory" is defined as ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  the use of past experiences to guide behaviour 
B)  a body of knowledge 
C)  the ensemble of neural connections modified and/or created by an experience 
D)  a combination of actionable past experiences, bodies of knowledge, abilities and neural changes, as suitable to the specific context of discussion

Question 3

What are some of the reasons that made Darwin's work influential in memory research and still relevant today?

Accepted Answer

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Question 4

The main contribution of Endel Tulving to the research on memory was ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  he proposed the distinction between episodic, semantic, and procedural memory as distinct systems 
B)  he clarified the role of amygdala in emotional learning 
C)  he proposed the modal model of memory 
D)  he discovered that the procedural memory requires the cerebellum

Question 5

Why are the "nonsense syllables" proposed by Ebbinghaus still used today?

Accepted Answer

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Question 6

Neurons are separated by tiny spaces called ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  engrams 
B)  neurotransmitters 
C)  lobes 
D)  synapses

Question 7

Short-term memory ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  is not available to consciousness 
B)  has a limited capacity 
C)  cannot hold the meaning of a word or sentence 
D)  can only hold representations of visual information

Question 8

The modal model of memory ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  is in conflict with the cognitive revolution 
B)  rules out any role for the medial temporal lobe 
C)  proposes that information flows from sensory to short-term, and from short-term to long-term memory, and vice versa 
D)  is not compatible with current neuroscience

Question 9

Fechner's work in psychophysics is relevant to memory studies because ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  it established that empirical methods could be used to derive theories that predicted human experience 
B)  it showed a method to measure the amount of memories stored 
C)  it indicated that also animals learn to plan actions ahead of time 
D)  it described the first example of classical conditioning

Question 10

What is memory and how does it work?

Accepted Answer

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Question 11

The difference between "memory" and "learning" is ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  learning is long-term while memory is short-term 
B)  learning is the acquisition of new information while memory is the existing record of the same 
C)  learning is only explicit while memory can be implicit or explicit 
D)  learning is the modifiable while memory is fixed

Question 12

The most important contribution of Aristotle to the study of memory was ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  the idea that knowledge is innate 
B)  the idea that reasoning is more important than observation 
C)  the discovery of optical illusions 
D)  the discovery of associations

Question 13

Why is implicit memory more primitive than explicit memory?

Accepted Answer

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Question 14

Implicit memory ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  evolved first 
B)  requires the intervention of an active consciousness 
C)  has no survival value 
D)  is not observed in mammals

Question 15

The following statement is not true if referred to explicit memory: ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  It is a form of memory requiring consciousness 
B)  It requires dedicated neural circuits 
C)  It simply takes information from the senses and matches this information to previously stored records 
D)  It can be communicated more flexibly to other individuals

Question 16

What are three examples of short-term memory (STM) use, and three examples of long-term memory (LTM) use?

Accepted Answer

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Question 17

The case of H.M. revolutionized the study of memory because _________.

Accepted Answer

A)  it showed that amnesias can be reversible 
B)  it guided future research on implicit memory systems 
C)  it demonstrated that multiple independent memory systems are operating in the brain 
D)  it indicated the location of the memory engrams

Question 18

The conclusion reached by Lashley regarding the brain location of "memory engrams" was ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  all parts of the brain contributed equally to the formation of memories 
B)  engrams are too small to be identified surgically 
C)  they are localized in the hippocampus 
D)  they are localized in the frontal lobe

Question 19

"Ecologically valid" memory research refers to ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  research methods that are respectful of the environment 
B)  research that examines the effect of the environment on memory 
C)  a combination of methods that are respectful of the environment with studies on the effect of the environment on memory 
D)  applied research

Question 20

The main impact of the cognitive revolution on memory research was ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  it changed the nature of memory research from that which described overt behaviour to that which fostered the development of models of how information is coded 
B)  it promoted the use of human subjects 
C)  it encouraged the interest in the neurosciences 
D)  it allowed the discovery of the molecular mechanisms of memory

Exam 1: The Study of Memory