Question 1

List four strategies for minimizing a research budget.

Accepted Answer

Minimizing a research budget without compromising the quality of the research can be challenging, but there are several strategies that can be employed to achieve this goal. Here are four strategies that can help reduce research costs:

1. **Prioritize Research Activities**: Carefully evaluate the research plan and prioritize activities based on their importance and contribution to the research objectives. Focus on the core elements that will drive the most value and consider scaling back or eliminating non-essential activities. This can help ensure that the budget is allocated to the most critical aspects of the research.

2. **Leverage Existing Resources**: Before investing in new equipment, software, or data, check if existing resources can be utilized. This includes using equipment available within the institution, collaborating with other researchers who have the necessary resources, or using open-source software and publicly available datasets. Additionally, consider applying for access to shared facilities or equipment that can be used at a lower cost than purchasing new.

3. **Optimize Sample Size and Design**: Review the research design and statistical analysis plan to ensure that the sample size is not larger than necessary to achieve the research objectives. Overestimating the sample size can lead to unnecessary costs. Use power analysis to determine the minimum sample size required to detect a meaningful effect, and consider using efficient research designs that maximize information while minimizing costs.

4. **Seek Alternative Funding and Partnerships**: Explore opportunities for external funding through grants, scholarships, or sponsorships that can cover some of the research expenses. Additionally, consider forming partnerships with other institutions, industry partners, or non-profit organizations. These collaborations can provide additional resources, share the cost burden, and may also offer access to expertise, equipment, or data that would otherwise be costly.

By implementing these strategies, researchers can effectively manage and minimize their research budgets while still conducting high-quality and impactful research.

Question 2

Discuss the role of gatekeepers in research.

Accepted Answer

Gatekeepers in research play a crucial role in ensuring the quality and integrity of the research process. These gatekeepers can include institutional review boards, ethics committees, funding agencies, and journal editors. Their primary responsibility is to review and approve research proposals, protocols, and manuscripts to ensure that they meet ethical, methodological, and scientific standards.

In the context of human subjects research, gatekeepers are responsible for protecting the rights and welfare of research participants. They review research protocols to ensure that potential risks to participants are minimized and that informed consent is obtained. This oversight is essential for maintaining the ethical conduct of research and upholding the trust of the public in the scientific community.

Gatekeepers also play a role in ensuring the validity and reliability of research findings. They review research proposals and manuscripts to assess the soundness of the study design, the appropriateness of the methods used, and the validity of the results. This helps to prevent the dissemination of flawed or misleading research findings, ultimately contributing to the advancement of knowledge in the field.

Furthermore, gatekeepers also have a role in promoting transparency and accountability in research. Funding agencies and journal editors, for example, may require researchers to disclose any potential conflicts of interest or to adhere to certain reporting standards. This helps to ensure that research findings are presented in an unbiased and transparent manner, ultimately contributing to the credibility and trustworthiness of the research enterprise.

In summary, gatekeepers in research play a critical role in safeguarding the ethical conduct of research, ensuring the quality and validity of research findings, and promoting transparency and accountability in the research process. Their oversight is essential for upholding the integrity of the scientific enterprise and for maintaining public trust in the research community.

Question 3

People prefer to comply with the requests of individuals who:

Accepted Answer

A)   Are known and liked.
B)   Are feared.
C)   Are authoritarian.
D)   Are intellectual. A

Question 4

In doing a telephone survey, which is considered to be a resource requirement?

Accepted Answer

A)   Training for data collectors.
B)   Cost of printing the questionnaire.
C)   Design of the survey.
D)   Specialized knowledge and time spent in development.

Question 5

Discuss the characteristics of Cialdini's six recruitment strategies.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Discuss the characteristics of Cialdini's six recruitment...

Question 6

A nonresponse error occurs when subjects:

Accepted Answer

A)   Make a factual error in their response to a questionnaire, telephone survey, in-person interview, or an Internet survey.
B)   Are forced or required to respond to a survey and randomly input answers rather than giving truthful answers.
C)   Do not respond and share a commonality among themselves that is different from subjects who do respond.
D)   Actually respond, but the researcher makes a typographical error inputting the data OR fails to include data that was meant to be included within the data set.

Question 7

Which is part of the systems framework for tailoring a recruitment strategy?

Accepted Answer

A)   Goal clarity.
B)   Use of contract.
C)   Meeting place.
D)   All of the above.

Question 8

List five guidelines to consider for when to use a mail survey.

Accepted Answer

The answer of List five guidelines to consider for when...

Question 9

People assign more value to an opportunity when it is considered:

Accepted Answer

A)   Narcissistic.
B)   Oblique.
C)   Rare.
D)   Opaque.

Question 10

List five guidelines to consider for when to use an in-person survey.

Accepted Answer

The answer of List five guidelines to consider for when...

Question 11

In doing a mail survey, which is a standard for the presentation of items or questions?

Accepted Answer

A)   The researcher can use prompts and clarification.
B)   Less attention to formatting, design, and quality of paper.
C)   Appropriate for closed, partially closed, and open-ended questions.
D)   Closed-ended questions that are simple and require no explanation.

Question 12

The principle of reciprocity implies that we:

Accepted Answer

A)   Establish causal relationships beginning with at least an r > .8.
B)   Maintain the theoretical concepts within exchange theory.
C)   Have a balance between experimental control and experimental alternatives.
D)   Should try to repay in some form what another person has provided to us.

Question 13

The principle of social proof implies that we

Accepted Answer

A)   Need to maintain and support Christian values and ethics.
B)   Do not need statistics to demonstrate factual accuracy.
C)   Determine what is correct by finding out what others think is correct.
D)   Need to see the proof concretely rather than abstractly.

Question 14

Nonrespondents who are legitimately counted in the calculation of nonresponse include subjects who:

Accepted Answer

A)   Refuse to participate.
B)   Lack the intellectual ability to understand the research.
C)   Are part of the over-sampling pool.
D)   All of the above.

Question 15

By nonresponse units, we are referring to subjects who:

Accepted Answer

A)   Refused to answer questions.
B)   Do not exist.
C)   Are part of a group that could not respond.
D)   Are independent variables that will be excluded from the analysis.

Question 16

The best method for assessing a nonresponse error is to examine:

Accepted Answer

A)   The proportion of responses to the number of contacts.
B)   That the researcher has at least 80% of the sample responding.
C)   The inferential statistic being employed and linking the sample size to the statistical assumption.
D)   How well the sample reflects the total population.

Question 17

In doing a mail survey, what is an important respondent characteristic?

Accepted Answer

A)   Requires immediate incentives.
B)   Is age 18 or older.
C)   Motivated to respond thoroughly with attention to detail.
D)   Is able to accommodate disabilities such as hearing and concentration as well as some physical disabilities.

Question 18

Which represents the calculation for the response rate?

Accepted Answer

A)   Completed responses divided by the sampling frame minus nonresponse units and multiplied by 100.
B)    ∑(X−Xˉ) 2n−1\frac{\sum(X-\bar{X}) ^{2}}{n-1}n−1∑(X−Xˉ) 2​ 
C)   100% divided by the response rate times the population (or sampling frame) .
D)   All of them would provide the same answer.

Question 19

Discuss the impact of nonresponse in survey research and two methods to minimize nonresponse.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Discuss the impact of nonresponse in survey...

Question 20

In doing a telephone survey, what is a desired respondent characteristic?

Accepted Answer

A)   Any level of literacy, for both youths and adults.
B)   Motivated to respond thoroughly with attention to detail.
C)   Most feasible with small sample size.
D)   Inability to provide advance incentives to increase motivation.

Exam 10: Data Collection and Data Entry