With Within-Subjects Designs, Particularly When the Independent Variable Has More

Multiple Choice

With within-subjects designs, particularly when the independent variable has more than two levels, the effects of exposure to one treatment may carry over to the next treatment (and thus influence response to that second treatment) . To compensate for this possibility, researchers will often __________.

A) use a pretest to determine whether people starting in different treatments are initially similar
B) use a control group to compare responses to each treatment
C) arrange treatment presentation so that half of participants start with one treatment, while the other half starts on a different treatment.
D) counterbalance the order of treatments