Question 1

Although you want to chat with your friend during class, you're worried that the professor or other students would notice. You choose not to talk to your friend. This illustrates that

Accepted Answer

A)  your attitude toward your friend are inconsistent. 
B)  your attitude toward class is stronger than your attitude toward your friend. 
C)  automatic behavior can be completely separate from your attitude. 
D)  powerful social norms can override the influence of attitude on behavior.

Question 2

Describe the conditions under which attitude-behavior inconsistency is most likely to produce dissonance.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe the conditions under which attitude-behavior inconsistency...

Question 3

Getting paid a lot of money to do things that violate one's core values-as compared to getting no money to violate one's values-should

Accepted Answer

A)  not produce much dissonance. 
B)  produce a lot of dissonance. 
C)  lead to attitude change. 
D)  prompt confusion over one's true attitude.

Question 4

Many people who choose not to have children suspect that homebound, sleep-deprived, and financially strapped parents are fooling themselves when they say that nothing in life brings them more pleasure. In other words, these childless people suggest that parents put a lot of energy into ________ in order to decrease cognitive dissonance.

Accepted Answer

A)  peripheral processing 
B)  effort justification 
C)  balancing 
D)  arousing thoughts

Question 5

Luisa just made a dentist appointment. Although she feels terrified of the dentist, she thinks that maintaining a healthy smile is important. This example best illustrates that

Accepted Answer

A)  if the components of an attitude are inconsistent, attitudes may not predict behavior. 
B)  emotion can be elicited automatically without conscious awareness. 
C)  there tends to be coherence between cognitive and affective attitude components. 
D)  attitudes generally do a good job of predicting behavior.

Question 6

Define attitude and describe the components of an attitude.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Define attitude and describe the components of...

Question 7

Making hard decisions triggers negative emotion, which in turn triggers processes of rationalization that make us comfortable with our decisions. This statement captures the phenomenon explained by ________ theory.

Accepted Answer

A)  cognitive dissonance 
B)  discrepancy 
C)  self-perception 
D)  attitude inoculation

Question 8

Attitudes do a good job predicting behavior when

Accepted Answer

A)  there is discord among the affective and cognitive components of the attitude. 
B)  attitudes are measured with Likert scales. 
C)  attitudes and behavior are measured at the same levels of specificity. 
D)  introspecting about an attitude that is hard to pin down.

Question 9

Attitudes often fail to predict behavior with the accuracy we might expect. Explain how this failure could result from the level of specificity in which the attitudes and behaviors are measured.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Attitudes often fail to predict behavior with...

Question 10

Challenge the widely held belief that attitudes do a good job of predicting a person's behavior.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Challenge the widely held belief that attitudes...

Question 11

Janet has received two job offers, one from SimpCo and another from JebCo, both companies for which she would be thrilled to work. Janet thinks a lot about each offer and ends up accepting JebCo's offer, even though she thought highly of both. Analyze the effects of Janet's decision on her later attitudes and behavior relating to both SimpCo and JebCo. To do this, draw directly on social psychological theory and research findings.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Janet has received two job offers, one...

Question 12

Cacioppo and colleagues have examined how arm movements can influence attitudes by asking participants to view Chinese characters while either extending an arm away from or flexing an arm toward themselves. Which of the following best sums up the results of this research?

Accepted Answer

A)  The arm movements did not affect participants' attitudes toward the different Chinese characters. 
B)  The participants had more favorable attitudes toward the characters they viewed while extending an arm away, compared with flexing an arm toward. 
C)  The participants had more favorable attitudes toward the characters they viewed while flexing an arm toward, compared with extending an arm away. 
D)  Participants who nodded their heads showed the most positive attitudes toward the characters.

Question 13

Explain the embodied nature of emotion and cognition and describe two research studies that show the relation between bodily movements and attitudes.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Explain the embodied nature of emotion and...

Question 14

Katerina loves to read books. Her parents think that reading books is important, so they reward her with $5 every time she reads a book. Over time, Katerina decides that she does not really love books all that much. This is an example of the

Accepted Answer

A)  impact of locus of control on attitude formation. 
B)  consistency between parents' attitudes and children's behavior. 
C)  overjustification effect. 
D)  self-fulfilling prophesy.

Question 15

Let's say a company that makes a consumer product such as laundry detergent asks customers to write a testimonial about the product in exchange for a small chance of winning a small prize. What does cognitive dissonance theory predict will happen to consumers who participate and write the testimonial?

Accepted Answer

A)  They will feel positive emotions. 
B)  They will feel negative emotions. 
C)  They will come to hold more positive attitudes toward the product. 
D)  They will come to hold more negative attitudes toward the product.

Question 16

Jamal loves strawberry ice cream, whereas Maria does not feel strongly about strawberry ice cream. Which of them would have longer response latencies (e.g., would respond slower) to a question about his or her attitude toward strawberry ice cream?

Accepted Answer

A)  Jamal would have a longer response latency than Maria. 
B)  Maria would have a longer response latency than Jamal. 
C)  They would each have a similar response latency, because they each like ice cream. 
D)  It would be impossible to measure the response latency for an attitude such as this.

Question 17

Consider the following quote: "How do I know what I think until I hear what I say?" The sentiment expressed in this quote captures the essence of

Accepted Answer

A)  the self-fulfilling prophecy. 
B)  cognitive dissonance theory. 
C)  self-perception theory. 
D)  self-affirmation theory.

Question 18

When researchers use a Likert scale to assess participants' attitudes, they

Accepted Answer

A)  ask participants to use numbers to indicate the extent to which they agree with a particular statement. 
B)  record participants' response latency to a question about their attitudes. 
C)  code the content of participants' spontaneous speech. 
D)  obtain participants' descriptions of how they would behave in a particular situation.

Question 19

Jeff believes in saving the environment but finds himself throwing away aluminum cans because his college campus does not recycle. He may experience an aversive emotional state due to the inconsistency between his attitudes and his behavior. This is an example of

Accepted Answer

A)  the elaboration likelihood model. 
B)  induced compliance theory. 
C)  self-affirmation theory. 
D)  cognitive dissonance theory.

Question 20

Dissonance theory suggests that people ________ their attitudes as a result of dissonance, whereas self-perception theory suggests that people ________ their attitudes from observing their behaviors.

Accepted Answer

A)  infer; change 
B)  change; infer 
C)  strengthen; weaken 
D)  change; change

Exam 7: Attitudes, Behavior, and Rationalization