Which of the Following Statements Is an Element of the Expectancy-Value

Multiple Choice

Which of the following statements is an element of the expectancy-value approach to attitude structure?

A) Individuals dislike inconsistency among cognitive elements and are motivated to reconfigure things mentally so as to achieve a harmonious state of mind
B) A = sum b(i) × e(i) where b(i) = each belief and e(i) = each evaluation
C) There are different models of attitudes depending on your culture; some emphasize individual attitudes, while others emphasize collective attitudes
D) Attitudes can be influenced by genetics, culture, and social upbringing