Question 1

Which of these does not characterise how children aged 2 and over have more developed language than the bonobos?

Accepted Answer

A)   Productivity
B)   Longer sentence length
C)   Use of grammar
D)   Motivation to engage in social interaction
E)   Vocabulary E

Question 2

Kanzi, Washoe, and Panbanisha were all:

Accepted Answer

A)   Gibbons
B)   Gorillas
C)   Orang-utans
D)   Chimpanzees
E)   Prairie dogs D

Question 3

All of the following are criteria for defining language offered by Hockett (1960), EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

A)   Displacement
B)   Semanticity
C)   Arbitrariness
D)   Synchronicity
E)   Prevarication D

Question 4

The use of which of the following is an example of an over-regularisation error?

Accepted Answer

A)   "Showed" instead of "shew"
B)   "Hice" instead of "houses"
C)   "Mouses" instead of "mice"
D)   "Came" instead of "comed"
E)   "Meese" instead of "mooses"

Question 5

Most speech during the telegraphic period is limited to about how many words?

Accepted Answer

A)   Four
B)   Five
C)   Three
D)   Two
E)   One

Question 6

Which of the following is NOT a central feature of child-directed speech?

Accepted Answer

A)   Simple sentences
B)   Low in pitch
C)   Slow speaking rate
D)   Restricted vocabulary
E)   Extra stress on key words

Question 7

Which two key reasons do Kidd and Donnelly (2020) give for integration across the language system?

Accepted Answer

A)   Language environment and attachments
B)   Genetics and language environment
C)   Attachments and sociability
D)   Sociability and language environment
E)   Genetics and sociability

Question 8

Which important feature of language did Genty et al. (2015) identify in bonobo communication?

Accepted Answer

A)   Syntax
B)   Complex vocab
C)   Turn taking
D)   Responsiveness to the recipient
E)   Motivation to communicate

Question 9

What did Lyn et al. (2014) find bonobos could do, which is one of the criteria for language?

Accepted Answer

A)   Communicate without hesitation
B)   Communicate about displaced objects
C)   Multi-task whilst communicating
D)   Communicate whilst tired
E)   Communicate without a reward

Question 10

When a child says, "Dog bone", to which her parent says, "The dog wants a bone", the parent is demonstrating a(n):

Accepted Answer

A)   Alliteration
B)   Inclusion
C)   Elision
D)   Diphthong
E)   Expansion

Question 11

Which of the following tends to be TRUE of receptive language?

Accepted Answer

A)   It is exemplified by understanding the speech of others
B)   For children especially, it outpaces their productive language
C)   For adults especially, it outpaces their productive language
D)   It refers to language comprehension
E)   All of these

Question 12

According to the Lyn's (2007) findings, Kanzi and Panbanisha understand English at the level of a human child of which age (in years):

Accepted Answer

A)   One and a half
B)   Five
C)   Two and a half
D)   Four
E)   One

Question 13

The principles determining how language should fit the context are termed:

Accepted Answer

A)   Syntax
B)   Pragmatics
C)   Semantics
D)   Phonology
E)   Morphology

Question 14

What conclusion is reached for the limited language abilities of bonobos compared to humans?

Accepted Answer

A)   Cognitive limitations
B)   Motivation for social interaction
C)   Ability to use spontaneous language
D)   Ability to acquire vocab
E)   Ability to respond to the recipient

Question 15

The hypothesis that children will create their own grammar even if they aren't exposed to a proper language during their formative years is called the:

Accepted Answer

A)   Maxim of manner
B)   Semantic bootstrapping
C)   Language bioprogramme
D)   Cooperative principle
E)   First language attrition

Question 16

At what point do children's vocalisations noticeably begin to diverge based on the language they have been exposed to?

Accepted Answer

A)   2 months
B)   8 months
C)   Birth
D)   1 year
E)   4 months

Question 17

The geometric symbols Kanzi learned to point to on a special keyboard are called:

Accepted Answer

A)   Lexigrams
B)   Spectrograms
C)   Graphemes
D)   Homophones
E)   Ideographs

Question 18

Calling every four-legged animal (even a cat) a "dog" is best defined as an example of:

Accepted Answer

A)   Over-extension
B)   Paralinguistic feedback
C)   Decontextualisation
D)   Metalinguistic awareness
E)   Iconicity

Question 19

Chomsky (1986) replaced his notion of a language acquisition device with the idea of a(n):

Accepted Answer

A)   Turing machine
B)   Polyphone
C)   Balanced literacy
D)   Refractory period
E)   Universal grammar

Exam 9: Language Development