Question 1

According to Yar, _______________ refers to the domination of field by businesses regarding the provision of information security services and solutions.?

Accepted Answer

A)   computer crime control industry
B)   cybercrime prevention nexus
C)   cybercrime-commercial complex
D)   computer crime prevention coalition A

Question 2

_______________ is the idea that instead of avoiding committing a crime entirely, a criminal may change the way they engage in a crime when confronted with threat of punishment.?

Accepted Answer

A)   Perceptual deterrence
B)   General deterrence
C)   Specific deterrence
D)   Restrictive deterrence D

Question 3

According to Merton (1938), which of the five adaptations of strain describe individuals who reject the culturally approved goals while accepting socially approved means to do so?

Accepted Answer

A)   Rebels
B)   Ritualists
C)   Conformists
D)   Innovators B

Question 4

Miller (2002) views crime as a result of gendered _______________.?

Accepted Answer

A)   biology
B)   performances
C)   history
D)   psychology

Question 5

_______________ argue that the dominant mode of production--capitalism--shapes motivations and opportunities to engage in crime as well as the processes of criminalization and crime control.?

Accepted Answer

A)   Feminist criminologists
B)   Social disorganization theorists
C)   Radical criminologists
D)   Constitutive criminologists

Question 6

Sykes and Matza (1957) state that delinquents will provide justification for their behaviour before engaging in criminal activity in attempts to nullify dominant social controls. What do they call this phenomenon?

Accepted Answer

A)   Techniques of neutralization
B)   Neutralization theory
C)   Delinquent drift
D)   Containment theory

Question 7

This notion posits that human beings are willing to surrender some of their freedoms to be protected from those whose unfettered exercise of freedom harms others.?

Accepted Answer

A)   Social contract theory
B)   Cultural theory
C)   Basic social theory
D)   Environmental theory

Question 8

Gottfredson and Hirschi's (1990) general theory of crime states that crimes, simply put, are a product of _______________.?

Accepted Answer

A)   low impulsivity
B)   low intelligence
C)   low self-control
D)   low self-esteem

Question 9

Which of the following is not one of Beccaria's three components of effective punishment?

Accepted Answer

A)   They should be swift in execution
B)   The offender should be publicly scrutinized
C)   Punishment should be sufficiently severe
D)   The offender should be certain that punishment will occur

Question 10

Edwin Lemert (1951) described the process through which a person could be so intensely stigmatized that their future behaviour was driven toward deviance. What did he call this?

Accepted Answer

A)   The "dramatization of evil"
B)   Primary deviance
C)   Secondary deviance
D)   Societal rationalization

Question 11

This theory assumes that offenders conduct cost-benefit analyses before conducting criminal behaviour.?

Accepted Answer

A)   Social learning theory
B)   Labelling theory
C)   Social disorganization theory
D)   Rational choice theory

Question 12

Which of the following is not an area of life which Steffensmeier and Allan (1996) state inhibit female crime while encouraging male crime?

Accepted Answer

A)   Sexuality
B)   Physical strength and aggression
C)   Gender norms
D)   Media influences

Question 13

According to Merton (1938), which of the five adaptations of strain describe individuals who accept both the institutionally approved goals and means?

Accepted Answer

A)   Conformists
B)   Retreatist
C)   Innovators
D)   Ritualists

Question 14

This theory credits the propensity to commit crime to intimate peer groups which encourage favourable definitions to crime.?

Accepted Answer

A)   Social disorganization theory
B)   Radical criminological theory
C)   Differential association theory
D)   General strain theory

Question 15

Which of the following is NOT one of the methodological approaches used by criminologists to study cybercrime discussed in Chapter 2?

Accepted Answer

A)   Self-report surveys
B)   Interviews
C)   Experimental/quasi-experimental designs
D)   Autoethnography

Question 16

Which of the following is not one of Robert Agnew's three sources of strain?

Accepted Answer

A)   Failure to achieve positively valued stimuli
B)   Removal of negating stimuli
C)   Removal of positively valued stimuli
D)   Presentation of negative stimuli

Question 17

What was the 'GamerGate' fiasco?

Accepted Answer

A)   A conspiracy theory detailing how video game developers remove content from games in development only to sell it later as 'downloadable content'
B)   An event where hackers claimed to have successfully penetrated a video game company and began to 'leak' information of a game that was being released
C)   A cyberharassment campaign carried out against a female video game developer
D)   A high-profile case where the CEO of a video game company was cyberstalked for months

Question 18

According to Goldsmith and Brewer (2015), the internet is said to present an interactive environment that empowers individuals through anonymity, provides a cornucopia of relatively easy-to-access information, and acts as a 'facilitator of encounters' with individuals and opportunities conducive to criminal engagement. This context is conducive to what they call _______________.?

Accepted Answer

A)   Digital drift
B)   Restrictive deterrence
C)   Techniques of neutralization
D)   Differential association

Exam 2: Researching and Theorizing Cybercrime