Question 1

According to some researchers,the reason studies don't always find a relationship between Type A behavior and health problems may be that

Accepted Answer

A) only some of the behaviors within the Type A pattern are related to health problems. 
B) researchers are doing a better job of measuring Type A today. 
C) people have become aware of the causes of heart attacks in recent years and have taken actions to prevent them. 
D) people today are working to reduce stress in their lives.

Question 2

Research finds that Type A people work especially hard when given challenging tasks or when in competition with others.Studies also indicate that Type As do not pay attention to signs of physiological stress.Some psychologists interpret these findings to mean that Type As differ from Type Bs in terms of their need for

Accepted Answer

A) self-appraisal. 
B) power. 
C) achievement. 
D) control.

Question 3

Researchers have found relatively stable individual differences in each of the following except one. Which one?

Accepted Answer

A) Emotional awareness 
B) Emotional intensity 
C) Emotional expressiveness 
D) Emotional affectivity

Question 4

Researchers studying positive and negative affect sometimes disagree on whether

Accepted Answer

A) positive and negative affect are related dimensions of emotion. 
B) men or women are higher in positive affect. 
C) we can identify relatively stable levels of affect. 
D) positive affect is related to social behavior.

Question 5

Early research found that Type A behavior was related to an increased likelihood of developing coronary disease.More recent research has

Accepted Answer

A) replicated this finding consistently. 
B) sometimes replicated this finding, but other times has not. 
C) found no evidence of health differences between Type As and Type Bs. 
D) found the risk of developing coronary disease in Type As to be even greater than originally estimated.

Question 6

Researchers find that men and women sometimes differ in achievement behavior because

Accepted Answer

A) men have an inherently higher need to achieve. 
B) men are better at tasks calling for organization skills. 
C) men have higher endurance levels. 
D) men and women differ in the values they assign to achievement tasks.

Question 7

Researchers have used the factor analysis statistical technique to examine the relation among various emotions.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 8

Jeff is an actor. He tends to worry and fret about all the things that might go wrong before each performance. If Jeff is a defensive pessimist who is too distracted to worry before the performance,he will probably

Accepted Answer

A) be happier. 
B) perform better. 
C) perform worse. 
D) spend time after the performance worrying.

Question 9

Becky thinks about all the things that can go wrong before she takes any test. She says that this helps motivate her to do well. Becky is probably

Accepted Answer

A) Type A. 
B) a dispositional optimist. 
C) high in need for Achievement 
D) a defensive pessimist.

Question 10

One reason dispositional optimists handle stressful situations better than pessimists is that optimists

Accepted Answer

A) have more friends to help them. 
B) use different kinds of coping strategies. 
C) have more successes in life to pick them up. 
D) are more likely to use active coping strategies.

Question 11

Research sometimes finds that high need for Achievement people are ineffective when placed in positions of great responsibility.Researchers say this is probably because these people

Accepted Answer

A) become "burnt-out" in the climb to this position. 
B) have difficulty delegating authority and relying on subordinates. 
C) have failed to develop other personality characteristics that might make them effective leaders. 
D) lose motivation once they reach their goal.

Question 12

The original researchers of achievement motivation were not interested in all kinds of achievement. They were specifically interested in

Accepted Answer

A) achievement in school. 
B) entrepreneurial behavior. 
C) individual differences in achievement behavior. 
D) cultural difference in achievement concepts.

Question 13

A psychologist asks you to look at some pictures and tell a story about the people in them. Which test are you probably taking?

Accepted Answer

A) Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) 
B) Picture Description Test (PDT) 
C) Rorschach test 
D) Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

Question 14

Researchers have found an association between health and each of the following personality variables except one. Which one?

Accepted Answer

A) Type A 
B) Negative affect 
C) Dispositional optimism 
D) Affect intensity

Question 15

Researchers find each of the following statements is true about defensive pessimists except one. Which one?

Accepted Answer

A) They set low expectations for themselves. 
B) They want to fail. 
C) They are motivated by the fear of failure. 
D) They do better when allowed to worry about an upcoming performance.

Question 16

Marisol is highly motivated to do well in her math class. Satisfaction for her comes from the feeling of proficiency she has when she understands difficult material. Researchers would say that Marisol is motivated by

Accepted Answer

A) a high need for Achievement. 
B) a need for recognition. 
C) mastery goals. 
D) performance goals.

Question 17

People high in social anxiety report that their anxiety often is very painful and that they desire to be more sociable.This finding helps us distinguish between social anxiety and

Accepted Answer

A) shyness. 
B) introversion. 
C) neuroticism. 
D) low self-esteem.

Question 18

Suppose your friends just had a baby. From what you learned in personality class,in order to raise their child to have high need for Achievement you would advise your friends to

Accepted Answer

A) involve themselves in all of the child's interests. 
B) continue giving encouragement and support in every activity of the child. 
C) not give the child rewards for personal accomplishments. 
D) find a balance between encouragement and robbing the child of initiative.

Question 19

Researchers find that people who are high in _______ typically achieve more than the average person.

Accepted Answer

A) affect intensity 
B) dispositional optimism 
C) social anxiety 
D) emotional expressiveness

Question 20

Most of the early failure to uncover a significant relationship between Type A behavior and heart disease occurred because

Accepted Answer

A) Type A is a collection of several behavioral tendencies only one of which may cause health problems. 
B) Type A behavior caused heart disease in the past but not anymore. 
C) the first studies that predicted heart attacks were lucky. 
D) self-report inventories are unreliable.

Exam 8: The Trait Approach: Relevant Research