Question 1

The process by which certain sensory information receives additional cognitive processing is called ____.

Accepted Answer

A)   ​habituation
B)   ​memory
C)   ​attention
D)   ​orientation C

Question 2

____ occurs when a teacher gauges the amount of assistance they provide to match the needs of a specific learner.

Accepted Answer

A)   ​Centration
B)   ​Proximity
C)   ​Apprenticing
D)   ​Scaffolding D

Question 3

Private speech is to ____ as inner speech is to ____.

Accepted Answer

A)   ​self-guidance; thought
B)   ​thought; self-guidance
C)   ​external guidance; self-guidance
D)   ​thought; external guidance A

Question 4

If a child believes that the name "cat" refers only to her own family's cat and to no other cats, she is a victim of

Accepted Answer

A)   ​overextension.
B)   ​fast mapping.
C)   ​underextension.
D)   ​overregulation.

Question 5

Which is a key cue used by infants when attempting to identify whether a sound represents a word?

Accepted Answer

A)   ​They focus on sounds that repeat (e.g., gaga) .
B)   ​They focus on sounds that are stressed during speech.
C)   ​They focus on the sound with the least number of phonemes.
D)   ​They focus on the sounds made by other infants.

Question 6

Parents are more effective than videos in teaching new words to their children.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 7

Marion has learned that whenever she cries in a specific way, her parents will give her the attention that she is seeking. Therefore she cries in that way whenever she wants that attention. The process of ____ conditioning has led to this outcome.

Accepted Answer

A)   ​social
B)   ​operant
C)   ​classical
D)   ​imitative

Question 8

Children with a(n) ________________ linguistic style use language as a social tool to enhance their interactions with others.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Children with a(n) ________________ linguistic style use...

Question 9

Piaget's theory is often criticized for having overestimated the cognitive skills of infants and young children and for underestimating the cognitive skills of adolescents.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 10

A(n) _______________ is an early infant vowel-like sound.

Accepted Answer

The answer of A(n) _______________ is an early infant vowel-like...

Question 11

By the time the average child reaches six years of age, he or she will have a vocabulary of approximately ____ words.

Accepted Answer

A)   ​1,000
B)   ​5,000
C)   ​10,000
D)   ​25,000

Question 12

"Daddy, can you help me get dressed?" Boris asked his father. "You can put on your pants and socks by yourself, but I'll help with your shirt and shoes," his father said. From Vygotsky's theory, Boris's father is using ____ when he does not give his son help on skills that his son has already mastered.

Accepted Answer

A)   ​concrete schemes
B)   ​the zone of proximal development
C)   ​scaffolding
D)   ​the principle of cardinality

Question 13

Isaac and Larry, two young brothers, are sitting at the breakfast table when their father gives them both a glass of chocolate milk. Isaac's glass is taller but thinner than Larry's glass, which is shorter but wider. Larry gets upset and complains that "Isaac got more milk!" The fact that Larry is only focusing on one feature of his milk glass demonstrates the Piagetian concept of

Accepted Answer

A)   ​accommodation.
B)   ​egocentrism.
C)   ​reversion.
D)   ​centration.

Question 14

Which of the following is a useful strategy for helping children focus their attention and reduce distractions?

Accepted Answer

A)   ​Teach children the value of "sitting still" as a means of reducing physical stimuli.
B)   ​Make relevant information stand out and eliminate competing sensations.
C)   ​Institute a series of operant outcomes for children who focus on salient events.
D)   ​Utilize classical (Pavlovian)  strategies for fidgeting.

Question 15

Young children draw conclusions about the meanings of words based on a few basic rules. Which of the following is NOT one of them?

Accepted Answer

A)   ​Unfamiliar words heard in the presence of both familiar and unfamiliar objects will be associated with the object that does not already have a name.
B)   ​A name refers to a whole object, not parts of the object or its relationship with other objects.
C)   ​A name refers to only a specific object, and not all objects of the same type or category.
D)   ​If an object already has a name and another name is presented, the new name will denote a subcategory of the first name.

Question 16

When Maurice's father walks through the door after the end of a long day at work, Maurice jumps up, claps his hands, and runs to see Daddy. Lately, though, he has been dropping his toys and getting excited when he hears his father's keys in the lock. The fact that the response has changed stimuli is a demonstration of

Accepted Answer

A)   ​operant conditioning.
B)   ​habituation.
C)   ​the orienting response.
D)   ​classical conditioning.

Question 17

Jaxon's father is teaching him to take a shower by himself, without help. First he turns on the water for Jaxon, helps him get in the tub, and instructs him on how to wash his hair and his body. The next evening, he turns on the water and helps Jaxon into the tub, but lets Jaxon wash himself. The next night, he lets Jaxon turn the water on and adjust the temperature himself. Finally, on the last night he asks Jaxon to go take a shower without helping him at all. This withdrawal of help that is no longer needed demonstrates _______________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Jaxon's father is teaching him to take...

Question 18

Millie is only 14 months of age, but has already started using some basic word like "mama," "dada," and "kitty." When her parents take her to the zoo, she points to the goats who are being fed by other children, and yells, "KITTY!" The fact that she is lumping a new animal into her existing schema of a kitty demonstrates

Accepted Answer

A)   ​irreversibility.
B)   ​assimilation.
C)   ​accommodation.
D)   ​egocentrism.

Question 19

Russian psychologist ____ proposed the idea that development in childhood is an apprenticeship in which children advance when they collaborate with more-skilled others.

Accepted Answer

A)   ​Alexander Zaporozhets
B)   ​Aleksey Leontyev
C)   ​Ivan Pavlov
D)   ​Lev Vygotsky

Question 20

Why might you consider the appearance of overregularization a good thing in the process of a child's language development?

Accepted Answer

A)   ​It provides evidence that overextension and underextension have been surpassed.
B)   ​It suggests that bilingual confusion is being overcome.
C)   ​It indicates that phonemic inversions are beginning to wane.
D)   ​It demonstrates attention to and acceptance of language rules.

Exam 4: The Emergence of Thought and Language: Cognitive Development in Infancy and Early Childhood.