Question 1

Which of the following pairs of terms is correctly matched?

Accepted Answer

A)  between-subjects design; independent groups design 
B)  between-subjects design; repeated measures design 
C)  both a and b 
D)  neither a nor b

Question 2

Which of the following is NOT a defining characteristic of a true experiment?

Accepted Answer

A)  measurement of the dependent variable 
B)  ensuring that participants in the experimental and control conditions have equivalent personal characteristics 
C)  manipulation of the independent variable 
D)  holding all variables other than the independent variable constant

Question 3

A researcher investigated experienced workers' ability to accurately install automobile parts on an assembly line. The workers first installed parts at 10 minute intervals. Later, the time interval was reduced to 9 minutes and then to 8 minutes. By the end of the study, the workers were installing a part every 5 minutes. The workers' accuracy decreased as the time allowed for installation time decreased. A possible problem with this study is a ________ effect.

Accepted Answer

A)  practice 
B)  fatigue 
C)  carry-over effect 
D)  salience

Question 4

What is quasi-random assignment to conditions of an independent variable? Why is it a questionable procedure?

Accepted Answer

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Question 5

Which of the following statements about factorial designs is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

A)  A hypothesis that one variable moderates the effect of another can be tested only with a factorial design. 
B)  A factorial design can include either manipulated independent variables or correlational dependent variables, but not both in the same study. 
C)  In a counterbalanced within-subjects design an interaction between order of participation in experimental conditions and the independent variable means that order effects are not a problem. 
D)  It is not possible to have a factorial design with more than three conditions per independent variable.

Question 6

Distinguish between practice effects and carry over effects in within-subjects designs.

Accepted Answer

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Question 7

Which of the following statements comparing within- and between-subjects designs is FALSE?

Accepted Answer

A)  Within-subjects designs have more error variance than equivalent between-subjects designs. 
B)  Because participants in within-subjects designs take part in both the experimental and control conditions, there is perfect equivalence of participants in both conditions. 
C)  Within-subjects designs require fewer participants than equivalent between-subjects designs. 
D)  Because participants in within-subjects designs take part in both the experimental and control conditions, participants might deduce the hypothesis and alter their behavior accordingly.

Question 8

A researcher is studying the effects of reward on cognitive performance using a within-subjects design. All participants first completed a control condition in which they solved math problems with no reward. They then completed an experimental condition in which they were paid $1.00 for each problem solved correctly. Participants correctly solved more problems in the experimental condition than in the control condition. A possible problem with this study is a ________ effect.

Accepted Answer

A)  practice 
B)  fatigue 
C)  carry-over effect 
D)  sensitization

Question 9

Describe the defining characteristics of a true experiment.

Accepted Answer

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Question 10

Which of the following statements about assigning participants to conditions of a between-subjects experiment is/are TRUE?

Accepted Answer

A)  Simple random assignment to condition controls the effects of participant characteristics by balancing them across groups. 
B)  Simple random assignment of participants to conditions guarantees that the members of the experimental and control group will be equivalent. 
C)  Assigning participants alternately to the experimental and control conditions as they come to the laboratory is equivalent to simple random assignment to conditions. 
D)  both a and b.

Question 11

Distinguish between within- and between-subjects designs. Describe two advantages and two disadvantages of each type of design.

Accepted Answer

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Question 12

Name and define the two types of information that a researcher can obtain from a factorial design.

Accepted Answer

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Question 13

A Latin squares design is a technique for

Accepted Answer

A)  randomly assigning participants to conditions of an independent variable. 
B)  controlling for extraneous variables by adding independent variables to a design. 
C)  controlling order effects in a within-subjects design. 
D)  controlling experimenter expectancy effects in within-subjects designs.

Question 14

Nonspecific treatment effects are

Accepted Answer

A)  the effects the independent variable has on participants' behavior. 
B)  changes in the independent variable brought about by measuring the dependent variable. 
C)  the effects that volunteer bias has on the outcomes of experiments. 
D)  changes brought about in participants' behavior by all their experiences in the research setting other than the treatment.

Question 15

What are multiple-groups designs? For what purposes are they used?

Accepted Answer

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Question 16

What is satisficing? What procedures can a researcher use to test whether this factor is influencing participants' responses?

Accepted Answer

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Question 17

Which of the following can threaten the internal validity of a within subjects design?

Accepted Answer

A)  practice effects 
B)  carry over effects 
C)  fatigue effects 
D)  any of the above

Question 18

What is a washout period and why would it be important to use one when you use a within-subjects design?

Accepted Answer

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Question 19

Participants with high blood pressure first take a commonly-used medication for two weeks; their blood pressure is then assessed. For the following two weeks, they instead take a new medication and their blood pressure is again assessed. A possible problem with this study is a ________ effect.

Accepted Answer