Question 1

Nine-month-old Avery can retrieve his ball when his mother hides it under a blanket. Avery has begun to master __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  the tertiary circular reaction 
B)  reflexive schemes 
C)  object permanence 
D)  deferred imitation

Question 2

Mothers talk more to __________ than to __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  shy children; sociable children 
B)  toddler-age girls; toddler-age boys 
C)  second-born children; firstborn children 
D)  low-SES children; middle-SES children

Question 3

On Monday, 20-month-old Raoul watches his older brother Carlos stir his applesauce with a spoon. On Thursday, Raoul tries to use a spoon to stir his applesauce. Raoul is using a(n) __________ to imitate Carlos's behavior.

Accepted Answer

A)  reflexive scheme 
B)  primary circular reaction 
C)  A-not-B search error 
D)  mental representation

Question 4

In Piaget's Substage __________, 8- to 12-month-olds can engage in intentional, or goal-directed, behavior.

Accepted Answer

A)  1 
B)  2 
C)  3 
D)  4

Question 5

Alice calls untying her shoelaces "opening" her shoes. This is an example of __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  overextension 
B)  infant-directed speech 
C)  underextension 
D)  referential style

Question 6

Piaget based the substages of sensorimotor development on __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  interviews with parents and children 
B)  observations of a large sample of young children 
C)  observations of his own three children 
D)  field experiments with toddlers and preschoolers

Question 7

Mental tests __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  measure variations in developmental progress 
B)  focus on the process of cognitive development 
C)  are accurate indicators of what babies and toddlers understand 
D)  focus on environmental influences on intelligence

Question 8

In applying the __________ view, researchers analyze each cognitive attainment to see how it results from a complex system of prior accomplishments and the child's current goals.

Accepted Answer

A)  information-processing 
B)  cognitive-developmental 
C)  sociocultural 
D)  dynamic systems

Question 9

Sixteen-month-old Grayson uses the word "puppy" only to refer to his family's dog. This is an example of __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  overextension 
B)  underextension 
C)  infant-directed speech 
D)  referential style

Question 10

Baby Kataro frequently experiences joint attention. This means that he will probably __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  have a short attention span 
B)  be a late talker 
C)  produce meaningful words earlier 
D)  comprehend less language

Question 11

The Vygotskian zone of proximal development refers to __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  the adjustment of old schemes after noticing that current ways of thinking are flawed 
B)  the cognitive discomfort the child feels during times of rapid cognitive change 
C)  a range of tasks that the child cannot yet handle alone but can do with the help of more skilled partners 
D)  internal depictions of information that the mind can manipulate

Question 12

When 12-month-old Trent's dad asks him to get his stuffed bunny, Trent looks at and points to the pillow where the bunny usually rests. Trent is displaying __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  the violation-of-expectation method 
B)  deferred imitation 
C)  inferred imitation 
D)  displaced reference

Question 13

In contrast to the United States, most European countries __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  do not require that caregivers have special training in child development 
B)  nationally regulate and fund child care to ensure its quality 
C)  offer government-subsidized child care only to low-SES families 
D)  do not regulate the child-care industry

Question 14

Information-processing theorists __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  want to know exactly what individuals of different ages do when faced with a task or problem 
B)  are satisfied with general concepts, such as assimilation and accommodation, to describe how children think 
C)  provide a single, unified theory of cognitive development to describe the human cognitive system 
D)  emphasize that children live in rich social and cultural contexts that affect their cognitive development

Question 15

A group of 2-year-olds watches through a window while a live adult hides an object in an adjoining room. Another group watches the same event on a video screen. Which of the following is likely to occur?

Accepted Answer

A)  Children in the direct viewing condition will retrieve the toy easily, while those in the video condition will have difficulty. 
B)  Children in the video condition will retrieve the toy easily, while those in the direct viewing condition will have difficulty. 
C)  Both groups of children will have difficulty retrieving the toy. 
D)  Children in both groups will be able to retrieve the toy easily.

Question 16

Describe the signs of developmentally appropriate infant and toddler child care.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe the signs of developmentally appropriate infant...

Question 17

In Piaget's theory, each time the back-and-forth movement between equilibrium and disequilibrium occurs, __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  children temporarily regress to a previous stage 
B)  less effective schemes are produced 
C)  children adapt more than they organize 
D)  more effective schemes are produced

Question 18

The IQs of 96 percent of individuals fall between __________ and __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  60; 100 
B)  70; 130 
C)  85; 110 
D)  100; 140

Question 19

Retention of visual events __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  is adultlike at birth 
B)  improves greatly with age 
C)  slowly declines throughout childhood 
D)  decreases from two items at 6 months to one at 12 months

Question 20

Most infant intelligence tests emphasize __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  concepts and memory 
B)  memory and mental representations 
C)  perceptual and motor responses 
D)  attention and categorization

Exam 5: Cognitive Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood