Question 1

According to Bowlby, the __________ becomes a vital part of personality, serving as a guide for all future close relationships.

Accepted Answer

A)  Strange Situation 
B)  internal working model 
C)  "clear-cut" attachment phase 
D)  preattachment phase

Question 2

Research on child care in infancy has found that __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  the majority of babies in child care display an insecure‒resistant attachment to their mothers 
B)  exposure to child care exerts a more powerful impact on children's adjustment than parenting quality 
C)  infants and toddlers who experience daily, nonparental child care are at risk for attachment insecurity 
D)  the relationship between child care and emotional well-being depends on both family and child-care experiences

Question 3

Expressions of __________ are less frequent than __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  sadness; anger 
B)  fear; sadness 
C)  happiness; sadness 
D)  happiness; anger

Question 4

Describe separation anxiety. When does it occur?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe separation anxiety. When does it occur?...

Question 5

Besides self-awareness, self-conscious emotions require __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  use of social comparisons 
B)  use of emotional self-regulation 
C)  adult instruction in when to feel happy, angry, or sad 
D)  adult instruction in when to feel proud, ashamed, or guilty

Question 6

Baby Sabrina's first laugh will probably appear around __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  3 to 4 weeks 
B)  6 to 8 weeks 
C)  3 to 4 months 
D)  6 to 8 months

Question 7

Bowlby was inspired by Konrad Lorenz's studies of __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  shyness 
B)  imprinting 
C)  modeling 
D)  sociability

Question 8

Two-year-old Annmarie tells her mom, "I a good girl." This statement demonstrates that Annmarie is beginning to develop __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  a categorical self 
B)  empathy 
C)  self-conscious emotions 
D)  scale errors

Question 9

Professor Hardwick is interested in the strong affectionate tie children have with special people in their lives that leads them to be comforted by their nearness in times of stress. Professor Hardwick studies __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  attachment 
B)  goodness of fit 
C)  temperament 
D)  sociocultural theory

Question 10

Infants' emotional expressions are __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  closely tied to their ability to interpret the emotional cues of others 
B)  easy for researchers to categorize because they are clearly recognizable 
C)  hardwired at birth, and their responses to emotional cues are automatic 
D)  consistent across cultures and emerge in stagelike sequences

Question 11

Among maltreated infants, __________ attachment is especially common.

Accepted Answer

A)  secure 
B)  insecure‒avoidant 
C)  disorganized/disoriented 
D)  insecure‒resistant

Question 12

Erika becomes upset when her father leaves. When her father is present, Erika approaches, follows, and climbs on him in preference to others. Erika is most likely in Bowlby's __________ phase.

Accepted Answer

A)  preattachment 
B)  "attachment-in-the-making" 
C)  "clear-cut" attachment 
D)  formation of reciprocal relationship

Question 13

Alexander Thomas and Stella Chess studied __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  attachment 
B)  temperament 
C)  information processing 
D)  childhood depression

Question 14

What is the goodness-of-fit model? Explain the relationship between temperament and child rearing.

Accepted Answer

The answer of What is the goodness-of-fit model? Explain the...

Question 15

__________ fosters attachment security.

Accepted Answer

A)  Full-time child care 
B)  Social support 
C)  Larger family size 
D)  Authoritarian discipline

Question 16

Compared to __________ toddlers, __________ toddlers generally show greater improvement in effortful control by the preschool years.

Accepted Answer

A)  fearful; irritable 
B)  cheerful; irritable 
C)  angry; fearful 
D)  cheerful; angry

Question 17

As infants understand more about their world, they laugh __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  at events with subtler elements of surprise 
B)  only in response to very active stimuli 
C)  at dynamic, eye-catching sights 
D)  less often

Question 18

Today, fathers spend about __________ as much time caring for children as fathers did in 1965.

Accepted Answer

A)  half 
B)  twice 
C)  three times 
D)  five times

Question 19

Like anger, fear __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  is less intense than sadness 
B)  decreases in intensity and frequency with age 
C)  occurs less frequently in the second half of the first year 
D)  rises from the second half of the first year into the second year

Question 20

In all societies studied, the most common attachment quality is the __________ pattern.

Accepted Answer

A)  insecure‒avoidant 
B)  insecure‒resistant 
C)  disorganized/disoriented 
D)  secure

Exam 6: Emotional and Social Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood