Question 1

What makes crime bad for society is not necessarily the harm or the cost, but

Accepted Answer

A)   the psychological impact it has on people.
B)   harm and cost combined.
C)   the cultural tax of having to train people to avoid crime.
D)   the high level of misinformation and unfounded fear. A

Question 2

What are hacktivists?

Accepted Answer

A)   Government agents working undercover to bring down cybercriminals
B)   Cyberattackers motivated by political, religious, and social objectives
C)   Corporate criminals stealing from their own financial systems
D)   Cyberattackers testing their hacking abilities while seeking status among their criminal peers B

Question 3

How does the dark figure of crime make it difficult to answer how much crime occurs in the U.S.?
a. Most criminal records are sealed (kept dark) and restricted from public viewing.
b. Some of the darkest crimes are committed from official crime reports, due to their nature.
c. A lot of crime goes unreported, which creates a dark figure of what is actually reported by official crime data.
d. Jurisdictions tend to try and hide their darkest crimes in reporting.

Accepted Answer

The dark figure of crime refers to the amount of unreported or undiscovered crime, which is not captured in official crime statistics. This makes it difficult to accurately answer how much crime occurs in the U.S. because a significant portion of criminal activity may never come to the attention of law enforcement or be recorded in official data. The correct answer to the question is:

c. A lot of crime goes unreported, which creates a dark figure of what is actually reported by official crime data.

This means that the crime rates we see in official reports do not represent the total amount of crime that actually takes place. Various factors contribute to the dark figure of crime, including victims' reluctance to report crimes due to fear of retaliation, lack of trust in the police, feelings of shame or embarrassment, or the belief that the police cannot help. Additionally, some crimes may not be recognized as such by victims or may be considered too trivial to report. As a result, the dark figure of crime obscures the true extent of criminal activity and poses a challenge for crime prevention and policy-making efforts.

Question 4

Between 2014 and 2018, violent crime rates in the U.S.

Accepted Answer

A)   increased by nearly 5% over the time period.
B)   increased by nearly 15% over the time period.
C)   decreased by nearly 5% over the time period.
D)   decreased by nearly 15% over the time period.

Question 5

These crimes sometimes involve the use of violence, but what distinguishes them from other types of crime is the threat (or perceived threat) of the moral disintegration of society, such as prostitution, gambling, use of illegal substances, or disorderly conduct.

Accepted Answer

A)   Misdemeanors
B)   Third-party infractions
C)   Entirely victimless crimes
D)   Public order crimes

Question 6

Over 90% of criminal cases end with

Accepted Answer

A)   guilty verdicts.
B)   plea bargaining.
C)   acquittal of defendants.
D)   dropped charges.

Question 7

Each of the following is a strain response according to Robert Merton except

Accepted Answer

A)   revenge.
B)   innovation.
C)   retreatism.
D)   rebellionism.

Question 8

How is the issue of the dark figure of crime addressed in data collection on US crimes?

Accepted Answer

A)   Surveys can ask victims and offenders about crimes that may not have been reported to the police.
B)   Federal agencies can prosecute any agency, city, or state, which intentionally underreports crime.
C)   Researchers and journalists can file court cases to open up sealed records and reports.
D)   Police can threaten to arrest people if they know of a crime and do not report it.

Question 9

Labeling theory is concerned with three inter-related ideas: the process by which laws are enacted and behaviors are condemned; the process by which a person acquires a label;

Accepted Answer

A)   and the ways in which those labels further impact how laws are reinforced.
B)   and the actions one takes to overcome these negative labels.
C)   and the negative consequences that the person experiences as a result of this new stigma.
D)   and the process by which a person redeems their image in the public eye.

Question 10

As an example of the public role in crime, studies of auto theft found that about 1 in every 8 vehicles had no damage to the steering column, most likely indicating

Accepted Answer

A)   car thieves have devised new ways to start cars beyond breaking into the steering column.
B)   that the keys were left in the ignition, meaning the victims left their cars vulnerable to theft.
C)   that someone wanted the cars to be reported stolen in order to collect insurance money.
D)   the owners must have loaned their cars to someone they thought they could trust.

Question 11

It has been found that men tend to commit homicide as a way to solve problems or achieve some sort of objective, while women tend to kill in response to some type of emotional connection or abuse. This is an observation relevant to

Accepted Answer

A)   conflict theory of crime.
B)   functionalist theory of crime.
C)   feminist theory of crime.
D)   strain theory of crime.

Question 12

In a recent report by the Uniform Crime Reports, the overall number of arrests of juveniles has

Accepted Answer

A)   remained quite low since 2009.
B)   remained quite high since 2009.
C)   increased by 30% since 2009.
D)   decreased by 60% since 2009.

Question 13

The most frequent type of mass murder is

Accepted Answer

A)   serial killer, with multiple victims over a period of time.
B)   gang wars.
C)   family killing, where one member of a family kills several relatives.
D)   school or workplace shooting.

Question 14

Each of the following are tenets of Sutherland's differential association theory except

Accepted Answer

A)   criminal behavior is learned through the process of interacting with others.
B)   when criminal behavior is learned, the learning includes not only the techniques of committing the crime, but also a set of motives, drives, rationalizations, and attitudes that justifies the action.
C)   a person becomes delinquent because they associate with others who feel that criminal behavior is an acceptable course of action.
D)   differential associations are consistent in frequency, duration, and intensity and tend to follow general patterns.

Question 15

Each of the following are stages in labeling theory of crime except

Accepted Answer

A)   status degradation ceremony.
B)   reformation and redemption.
C)   label as master status.
D)   retrospective interpretation.

Question 16

Overall, the data collected by the Gallup Poll about whether Americans are afraid of crime indicates Americans are

Accepted Answer

A)   inaccurate in their perceptions of crime, relatively fearless, and moderately confident in the criminal justice system to address crime.
B)   inaccurate in their perceptions of crime, fearful, but having strong confidence in the criminal justice system to address crime.
C)   accurate in their perceptions of crime, relatively fearless, but lacking confidence in the criminal justice system to address crime.
D)   inaccurate in their perceptions of crime, fearful, and lacking confidence in the criminal justice system to address crime.

Question 17

Criminal homicide takes two forms: murder, which is _____; and manslaughter, which is _____

Accepted Answer

A)   unprovoked homicide ; provoked homicide.
B)   a planned killing of a human being ; an accidental killing of a human being.
C)   sudden and violent killing ; killing due to neglect.
D)   the unlawful killing of a human being with malice aforethought ; unlawful homicide without malice aforethought.

Question 18

What are the most typical symptoms of the psychological impact of crime?

Accepted Answer

A)   Withdrawal and avoidance
B)   Depression and anomie
C)   Anger and rage
D)   Anxiety and fear

Question 19

What are the 4 philosophies of punishment for judges in sentencing offenders?

Accepted Answer

A)   Deterrence, incapacitation, rehabilitation, and just desserts
B)   Morality, incapacitation, reformation, and just desserts
C)   Deterrence, accountability, rehabilitation, and labeling
D)   Reparations, incapacitation, rehabilitation, and public fear

Question 20

Which sociological theory tends to focus on social change, competition, and power which can play out in the way laws are created and upheld?

Accepted Answer

A)   Conflict Theory
B)   Structural Functionalism
C)   Strain theory
D)   Symbolic Interactionism

Exam 2: Why Is Crime Always in the News Crime and Interpersonal Violence