Question 1

Sex differences in the brain:

Accepted Answer

A)  are less observable than sex differences in reproductive organs. 
B)  are more controversial than sex differences in reproductive organs. 
C)  primarily are found in the cortex. 
D)  a and b

Question 2

Freud's theory has been criticized for:

Accepted Answer

A)  failing to recognize the importance of children's anatomy in their gender development. 
B)  over-emphasizing the role of sociocultural factors on children's gender development. 
C)  its lack of empirical foundation. 
D)  b and c

Question 3

Between the 1970's and the 1990's, there was an:

Accepted Answer

A)  increase in undifferentiation among both women and men. 
B)  increase in femininity among men. 
C)  increase in masculinity among women. 
D)  decrease in androgyny in both men and women.

Question 4

Discuss the stages of prenatal sex differentiation; show that you understand the processes involved in each stage.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Discuss the stages of prenatal sex differentiation;...

Question 5

The first woman to be elected and to serve as principal chief of the Cherokee nation was:

Accepted Answer

A)  Devon Mihesuah 
B)  Stephanie Sellers 
C)  Wilma Mankiller 
D)  Lynn Malerba

Question 6

Girls and boys are likely to receive rewards for performing gender-appropriate behaviors and receive negative consequences for showing gender-inappropriate behaviors. As a result, they show more gender-appropriate behaviors. This illustrates the mechanism of _________, a concept of _________ theory.

Accepted Answer

A)  observational learning; cognitive-developmental 
B)  identification; gender schema 
C)  reinforcement and punishment; social learning 
D)  gender constancy; psychoanalytic

Question 7

Which of the following statements about changes in gender-related traits of females over recent years is/are correct?

Accepted Answer

A)  Females have been encouraged to become more assertive. 
B)  Females have had more opportunities to develop agentic skills. 
C)  Changes in women's personal sense of gender seems to be related to their social experiences. 
D)  all of the above

Question 8

Which of the following statements about the development of the external genitalia is/are correct?

Accepted Answer

A)  The external genitalia develop from previously undifferentiatied tissue present in both XX and XY fetuses. 
B)  Female and male external genitalia develop from different types of tissue. 
C)  The sex hormones play no role in the development of the external genitals. 
D)  b and c

Question 9

Maria, a genetic female, received a(n) ____ chromosome from her mother and a (n) ____ chromosome from her father.

Accepted Answer

A)  X; Y 
B)  Y; X 
C)  X; X 
D)  It is not possible to answer the question on the basis of the information presented.

Question 10

Some feminists criticize the concept of androgyny. Which of the following is not one of their criticisms?

Accepted Answer

A)  Androgyny maintains the division of gender into feminine and masculine components. 
B)  Androgyny may set unrealistic goals that people should be competent in both feminine and masculine domains. 
C)  Androgyny does not attempt to eliminate the greater cultural value placed on male activities. 
D)  Androgyny over-emphasizes the value of femininity in comparison to masculinity.

Question 11

Discuss the procedure and findings of Stake's study of androgyny in the workplace.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Discuss the procedure and findings of Stake's...

Question 12

Evidence that children are better able to remember gender-consistent information than gender-inconsistent information is most supportive of:

Accepted Answer

A)  social learning theory 
B)  gender schema theory 
C)  psychoanalytic theory 
D)  It is equally supportive all each of these theories.

Question 13

Jayne Stake examined behaviors that respondents used to cope with dual demands in the workplace. Her findings showed that:

Accepted Answer

A)  androgynous coping was no better than agentic coping. 
B)  the most beneficial approach was engagement in communal behaviors. 
C)  androgynous coping was more beneficial than either communal or agentic coping alone. 
D)  agentic coping was the most beneficial approach.

Question 14

Four-year old Nykesha feels anxious when she plays with her brother's toy trucks but she feels good when she plays with her toy tea set. This suggests that Nykesha has developed internal standards about appropriate gender-related activities, an important concept of:

Accepted Answer

A)  psychoanalytic theory. 
B)  social learning theory. 
C)  social cognitive theory. 
D)  all of the above

Question 15

Emma is very competitive, independent, gentle, and kind. Emma can best be categorized as:

Accepted Answer

A)  feminine. 
B)  masculine. 
C)  androgynous. 
D)  undifferentiated

Question 16

(a) When the psychological measurement of androgyny was developed in the 1970s it provided a major advantage over previous forms of gender-related trait measurement. Explain the advantage it had over the earlier forms of measurement. (b) Currently there are several feminist criticisms of the concept of androgyny. Discuss these.

Accepted Answer

The answer of (a) When the psychological measurement of androgyny...

Question 17

Discuss changes in gender-related traits over the last two decades and present some reasons for these changes.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Discuss changes in gender-related traits over the...

Question 18

Intersexuality refers to:

Accepted Answer

A)  having a same-sex sexual orientation. 
B)  the presence of both female and male sexual characteristics. 
C)  a condition in which one sex chromosome is missing. 
D)  a gender identity that is inconsistent with one's reproductive organs.

Question 19

Which of the following statements about individuals with Turner syndrome is/are not correct?

Accepted Answer

A)  They have a single X chromosome rather than a pair of sex chromosomes. 
B)  They have either ovaries or testes. 
C)  Females cannot develop female secondary sex characteristics, even with estrogen therapy. 
D)  b and c

Question 20

According to the text's discussion of the relative influence of prenatal and postnatal experiences on gender-related development, research on intersexuals and females with Turner syndrome:

Accepted Answer

A)  provide consistent evidence that prenatal influences play no role. 
B)  provide consistent evidence that gender-related behaviors, such as aggression, are caused primarily by prenatal factors. 
C)  provide consistent evidence that sex identity is due entirely to prenatal factors. 
D)  provide mixed evidence regarding this issue.

Exam 3: Gender Self-Concept: Developmental Processes and Individual Differences