Question 1

Learning that is not reflected in actual performance is called _______________ learning.

Accepted Answer

A)  cognitive
B)  observational
C)  latent
D)  operant C

Question 2

___________________ refers to gradual weakening and disappearance of conditioned behavior when it is no longer followed by a reinforcer.

Accepted Answer

A)  extinction
B)  negative reinforcement
C)  partial reinforcement
D)  punishment A

Question 3

Factors that can change or vary and are capable of being observed, measured, and verified are called ____________.

Accepted Answer

A)  statistics
B)  variables
C)  theory
D)  hypothesis B

Question 4

_________________ is the operant conditioning procedure of selectively reinforcing successively closer approximations of a goal behavior until the goal behavior is displayed.

Accepted Answer

A)  modeling
B)  shaping
C)  sublimation
D)  reinforcing

Question 5

________________ refers to the presentation of an event or stimulus following a behavior that acts to decrease the likelihood of the behavior being repeated.

Accepted Answer

A)  positive reinforcement
B)  negative reinforcement
C)  punishment
D)  partial reinforcement

Question 6

___________________ is an American psychologist who experimentally investigated observational learning, emphasizing the role of cognitive factors.

Accepted Answer

A)  ivan pavlov b.
B)  f.skinner c. edward .
C)  tolman
D)  albert bandura

Question 7

The ________________ variable in an experiment is purposely manipulated in order to effect a change in other variable.

Accepted Answer

A)  dependent
B)  independent
C)  extraneous
D)  control

Question 8

Naturalistic observation, surveys, case studies, and correlational studies are commonly used ______________ methods.

Accepted Answer

A)  descriptive
B)  experimental
C)  operational
D)  quantitative

Question 9

________________ involves the presentation or addition of a reinforcing stimulus following an operant.

Accepted Answer

A)  positive reinforcement
B)  negative reinforcement
C)  continuous reinforcement
D)  partial reinforcement

Question 10

______________ focuses on designing programs that promote the intellectual, social, and emotional development of children, including those with special needs.

Accepted Answer

A)  school psychology
B)  educational psychology
C)  personality psychology
D)  developmental psychology

Question 11

Even experiments conducted in natural settings have disadvantages, such as a ___________ in experimental control.

Accepted Answer

A)  increase
B)  decrease
C)  difference
D)  varying

Question 12

_____________ is the tendency of an animal to revert to its instinctive behaviors that can interfere with the performance of an operantly conditioned response.

Accepted Answer

A)  aversion
B)  instinctive drift
C)  latent learning
D)  law of effect

Question 13

__________________ is an American psychologist who experimentally demonstrated the involvement of cognitive processes in classical conditioning.

Accepted Answer

A)  robert .a. rescorla b.
B)  f.skinner c. edward .
C)  tolman
D)  albert bandura

Question 14

________________ is the basic learning process that involves changing the probability of a response being repeated by manipulating the consequences of that response.

Accepted Answer

A)  classical conditioning
B)  defense mechanism
C)  operant conditioning
D)  punishment

Question 15

A ________________ reinforcer is a stimulus or event that is naturally or inherently reinforcing for a given species, such as food, water, or other biological necessities.

Accepted Answer

A)  positive
B)  negative
C)  primary
D)  secondary

Question 16

_________________ is a statistical technique that involves combining and analyzing the results of many research studies on a specific topic in order to identify overall trends.

Accepted Answer

A)  correlation
B)  regression
C)  meta-analysis
D)  content-analysis

Question 17

_________________ is Skinner's term for an actively emitted behavior that operates on the environment to produce consequences.

Accepted Answer

A)  classical
B)  reinforce
C)  operant
D)  punishment

Question 18

Once a researcher has identified a question or issue to be investigated, it must be posed in the form of a _____________ that can be tested empirically.

Accepted Answer

A)  problem
B)  methodology
C)  theory
D)  hypothesis

Question 19

A tentative explanation that tries to account for the diverse findings on the same topic is called a ______________ or a model.

Accepted Answer

A)  problem
B)  method
C)  theory
D)  hypothesis

Question 20

_____________ is an intensive, in-depth investigation of an individual and can involve compiling data from a wide variety of different sources.

Accepted Answer

A)  observation
B)  survey
C)  case-study
D)  questionnaire

Exam 4: Psychology: Understanding Learning and Development