Question 1

Creatine increases intermuscular creatine and phosphocreatine, enhances aerobic power output capacity, and facilitates recovery from two to four bouts of intense effort within 60-minutes.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 2

Many popular articles and advertisements tout inosine as an amino acid when, in fact, it is a __________ found naturally in brewer's yeast (e.g., used to make beer and bread) and various organ meats (e.g., kidney and liver).

Accepted Answer

A)  nucleic acid derivative 
B)  polypeptide 
C)  dipeptide 
D)  glycoprotein

Question 3

Each gram of muscle glycogen stores an additional __________ of water.

Accepted Answer

A)  0.6 grams 
B)  1.4 grams 
C)  2.7 grams 
D)  4.5 milliliters

Question 4

In the tissues, MCFAs move through the plasma membrane and diffuse across the inner mitochondrial membrane for __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  hydrolysis 
B)  reduction 
C)  oxidation 
D)  semipermeable condensation

Question 5

Long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs) require __________ for incorporation into chylomicrons for transport through lymph for deposit as fat.

Accepted Answer

A)  bile salts for digestion 
B)  thyroxine 
C)  inosine 
D)  emulsification with short-chain fatty acids

Question 6

Coenzyme Q10:

Accepted Answer

A)  integral component of the mitochondrion's electron transport system of oxidative phosphorylation 
B)  has free radical properties that promote cell damage 
C)  used therapeutically to treat kidney disease 
D)  water-soluble component of tissues

Question 7

Amino acid infusion or ingestion has been used in clinically deficient patients to regulate anabolic hormones.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 8

Caffeine blunts the negative ergogenic effects of creatine supplementation.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 9

Example of popular live probiotic cultures in fermented dairy products and probiotic-fortified foods-bifidobacterium, lactobacillus acidophilus, bifidobacterium animalis.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 10

Carbohydrate loading's potential benefits apply only to intense and prolonged aerobic activities lasting longer than __________ minutes duration.

Accepted Answer

A)  15 
B)  30 
C)  45 
D)  60

Question 11

Medium-chain fatty acids oxidize more slowly than long-chain fatty acids.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 12

Research generally indicates ergogenic benefits, positive metabolic alterations, and body fat-reducing effects from l-carnitine supplementation.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 13

Bodybuilders consume vanadium supplements as part of their daily supplement ritual, usually in its oxidized form as vanadyl sulfate.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 14

__________ provide a more rapid source of fatty acid fuel.

Accepted Answer

A)  Chylomicrons 
B)  Medium-chain triacylglycerols (MCT) 
C)  Glycerols 
D)  Amino acid-containing powders

Question 15

Beetroot's rich nitrate content may play a significant modulator role in __________ through the body's nitric oxide production cycle.

Accepted Answer

A)  neural energetics and oxygen delivery during exercise and subsequent recovery 
B)  energetics of digestion and oxygen delivery during exercise and subsequent recovery 
C)  muscle energetics and oxygen delivery during exercise and subsequent recovery 
D)  one-minute all-out exercise

Question 16

Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) or __________ functions as an integral component of the mitochondrion's electron transport system of oxidative phosphorylation.

Accepted Answer

A)  ubiquinone 
B)  cytochrome E 
C)  cytochrome C 
D)  PCr

Question 17

Hamburger and bison beef, chicken, eggs, and turkey, and salmon and tuna represent poor sources of creatine.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 18

Glycogen depletion increases formation of intermediate forms of the glycogen-storing enzyme __________ in skeletal muscle fibers.

Accepted Answer

A)  glycogen phosphatase 
B)  glycogen synthetase 
C)  glycogen phosphorylase 
D)  glycogen kinase

Question 19

__________ provide rich creatine sources, containing approximately 4 to 5 grams per kilogram food weight.

Accepted Answer

A)  Hamburger, chicken, salmon 
B)  Carrots and lettuce 
C)  Avocados 
D)  Cake with chocolate icing

Question 20

Vanadium

Accepted Answer

A)  exhibits human insulin-like properties 
B)  not involved in stimulating glycogen synthesis 
C)  apples provide the best "natural" source of vanadium 
D)  is commonly consumed by bodybuilders because there is no toxic effect if consumed in excess

Exam 12: Nutritional Ergogenic Aids Evaluated

Creatine increases intermuscular creatine and phosphocreatine, enhances aerobic power output capacity, and facilitates recovery from two to four bouts of intense effort within 60-minutes.

Many popular articles and advertisements tout inosine as an amino acid when, in fact, it is a __________ found naturally in brewer's yeast (e.g., used to make beer and bread) and various organ meats (e.g., kidney and liver) .

Each gram of muscle glycogen stores an additional __________ of water.

In the tissues, MCFAs move through the plasma membrane and diffuse across the inner mitochondrial membrane for __________.

Long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs) require __________ for incorporation into chylomicrons for transport through lymph for deposit as fat.

Coenzyme Q₁₀:

Amino acid infusion or ingestion has been used in clinically deficient patients to regulate anabolic hormones.

Caffeine blunts the negative ergogenic effects of creatine supplementation.

Example of popular live probiotic cultures in fermented dairy products and probiotic-fortified foods-bifidobacterium, lactobacillus acidophilus, bifidobacterium animalis.

Carbohydrate loading's potential benefits apply only to intense and prolonged aerobic activities lasting longer than __________ minutes duration.

Medium-chain fatty acids oxidize more slowly than long-chain fatty acids.

Research generally indicates ergogenic benefits, positive metabolic alterations, and body fat-reducing effects from l-carnitine supplementation.

Bodybuilders consume vanadium supplements as part of their daily supplement ritual, usually in its oxidized form as vanadyl sulfate.

__________ provide a more rapid source of fatty acid fuel.

Beetroot's rich nitrate content may play a significant modulator role in __________ through the body's nitric oxide production cycle.

Coenzyme Q₁₀ (CoQ₁₀) or __________ functions as an integral component of the mitochondrion's electron transport system of oxidative phosphorylation.

Hamburger and bison beef, chicken, eggs, and turkey, and salmon and tuna represent poor sources of creatine.

Glycogen depletion increases formation of intermediate forms of the glycogen-storing enzyme __________ in skeletal muscle fibers.

__________ provide rich creatine sources, containing approximately 4 to 5 grams per kilogram food weight.

Vanadium