Emergency Medical Technicians Respond to a Call to Find an 80-Year-Old

Multiple Choice

Emergency medical technicians respond to a call to find an 80-year-old man who is showing signs and symptoms of severe shock. Which of the following phenomena is most likely taking place?

A) The man's $\alpha$ - and $\beta$ -adrenergic receptors have been activated, resulting in vasoconstriction and increased heart rate.
B) Hemolysis and blood pooling are taking place in the man's peripheral circulation.
C) Bronchoconstriction and hyperventilation are initiated as a compensatory mechanism.
D) Intracellular potassium and extracellular sodium levels are rising as a result of sodium-potassium pump failure.