A 22-Year-Old Male Is Experiencing Hypovolemic Shock Following a Fight

Multiple Choice

A 22-year-old male is experiencing hypovolemic shock following a fight in which his carotid artery was cut with a broken bottle. What immediate treatments are likely to most benefit the man?

A) Resolution of compensatory pulmonary edema and heart arrhythmias
B) Infusion of vasodilators to foster prefusion and inotropes to improve heart contractility
C) Infusion of normal saline or Ringer lactate to maintain the vascular space
D) Administration of oxygen and epinephrine to promote perfusion