Question 1

"If you use sun cream you will reduce your risk of developing skin cancer" is an example of:

Accepted Answer

A)   A positively framed message
B)   A negatively framed message
C)   A reality-based message
D)   An efficacy increasing message A

Question 2

The NICE guidelines on behavioural change (NICE 2014) identified several ways of presenting information in order to increase the motivation of smokers to quit. Which of these is NOT a key messages to influence?

Accepted Answer

A)   Self-efficacy
B)   Subjective norms
C)   Positive attitude
D)   Financial costs D

Question 3

Which technique in cognitive therapy is designed to question the core of an individual's beliefs?

Accepted Answer

A)   Homework tasks
B)   Video intervention
C)   Downward arrow
D)   Relapse prevention C

Question 4

According to the Protection Motivation Theory, which of the following is not relevant to health-related change?

Accepted Answer

A)   Threat appraisal
B)   Self-efficacy
C)   Attitude towards the health behaviour
D)   All of the above

Question 5

Protection Motivation theory suggests that we are most likely to take preventive action if any media programme:

Accepted Answer

A)   Arouses some degree of fear
B)   Increases the sense of severity if no change is made
C)   Emphasises the ability of the individual to prevent the feared outcome
D)   All of the above

Question 6

Which of the following does nicotine act on?

Accepted Answer

A)   Serotonin
B)   Adrenalin
C)   Acetylcholine
D)   Noradrenaline

Question 7

The PRECEDE element of the PRECEDE-PROCEED model takes into account which psychosocial variables:

Accepted Answer

A)   Process, impact, outcome
B)   Predisposing, enabling, and reinforcing factors
C)   Social, and environmental diagnosis
D)   Educational, and ecological diagnosis

Question 8

"If it is 8 am on Friday, I will ride my bike to work" is an example of an implementation intention. Which one?

Accepted Answer

A)   Initial reluctance
B)   Missing opportunities
C)   Failing to get started
D)   Stopping old habits

Question 9

Many problem-focused smoking cessation programmes teach clients

Accepted Answer

A)   How to cope with cues to smoking
B)   How to reduce the possibility of giving in to cravings should they occur
C)   How to cope with any withdrawal symptoms
D)   All of the above

Question 10

Changing inappropriate beliefs by cognitive therapy is based on the key premise that

Accepted Answer

A)   Such beliefs are untrue
B)   The beliefs are holding back change
C)   The beliefs are hypothetical and do not represent 'fact'
D)   The beliefs are negative

Question 11

Petty and Cacioppo (1986) developed a model of communication and attitude change. What is it called?

Accepted Answer

A)   The stages of change model
B)   The health belief model
C)   The elaboration likelihood model
D)   Protection motivation theory

Question 12

Which of the following is a potential problem when an individual stops smoking?

Accepted Answer

A)   The loss of a powerful means of altering mood
B)   Withdrawal symptoms
C)   The urge to smoke triggered by environmental cues
D)   All of the above

Question 13

What is the name of a key element of cognitive therapy devised by Beck (1976)?

Accepted Answer

A)   Motivational interview
B)   Social modelling
C)   Problem solving
D)   Socratic dialogue

Question 14

What are the three phases of Egan's (2013) problem solving approach?

Accepted Answer

A)   Rolling with resistance, goal setting and problem exploration and clarification
B)   Goal setting, facilitating action and problem exploration and clarification
C)   Facilitating action, rolling with resistance and goal setting
D)   Rolling with resistance, goal setting and facilitating action

Question 15

Fear arousing campaigns can be more effective if they:

Accepted Answer

A)   Maximise the negative aspects of the health behaviour.
B)   Show people how to reduce any health threat
C)   Use vivid imagery to maximise the effect
D)   Have experts explaining why a health threat exists

Question 16

The key goal of Egan's approach to counselling is to

Accepted Answer

A)   Teach skills necessary to achieve behavioural change
B)   Identify and change cognitive factors that prevent change
C)   Mobilise the individual's own resources to identify problems and arrive at strategies of solution
D)   Provide a warm empathic therapeutic environment

Question 17

Beck's Socratic method is also known as

Accepted Answer

A)   Empathic discussion
B)   Guided learning
C)   Guided discovery
D)   Empathic interaction

Question 18

Which of the following is not an environmental influence that should be considered when encouraging health behaviour change, according to the health belief model?

Accepted Answer

A)   Cues to action
B)   Minimising cost and barriers
C)   Social norms
D)   Increasing the costs of engaging in health damaging behaviour

Question 19

The key questions in the motivation interview are

Accepted Answer

A)   What are some of the good things/not so good things about your present behaviour?
B)   How would you set about changing?
C)   What has stopped you making the changes you need to make?
D)   Have you considered setting goals to change your behaviour slowly?

Question 20

Phase 2 of the PRECDE-PROCEED model is:

Accepted Answer

A)   Prioritising and determining how to change any behaviours identified
B)   Understanding of the health problems that affect the quality of life of a community and its members
C)   Identification and assessment of health issue(s)  specific to the community
D)   Implementation of the planned intervention

Exam 6: Changing Behaviour: Mechanisms and Approaches