Question 1

Sohee knows that a round ball of clay has the same amount of clay as a hot dog made of clay. She reasons that they have equal mass because, although the clay as a hot dog is much shorter than the ball, it is also much longer. Sohee is demonstrating the type of reversibility known as

Accepted Answer

A)  inversion. 
B)  compensation. 
C)  negation. 
D)  identity.

Question 2

Barbara doesn't want to leave her doll at home because she indicates that her doll will be sad and cry. This refers to

Accepted Answer

A)  Assimilation 
B)  Conservation 
C)  Animism 
D)  Theory of mind

Question 3

The A-not-B error refers to the tendency of infants to

Accepted Answer

A)  search the location where an object was previously found, even if it was observed to have been moved somewhere else. 
B)  search for objects they have dropped, but not search for objects others have moved. 
C)  always search the last place they observed an object first. 
D)  search visually but not manually for an object.

Question 4

Research has shown that children who have an autism spectrum disorder, such as autism, often have difficulty with their joint attention. Discuss the implications of the lack of joint attention in children and support your answer with Piagetian concepts in the chapter.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Research has shown that children who have...

Question 5

Three themes in Vygotsky's writings have proved especially influential in guiding contemporary sociocultural theory and research. Which of the following is NOT one of them?

Accepted Answer

A)  Individual mental development has its origins in social sources. 
B)  Human thought and action are mediated by cultural tools. 
C)  The study of mental functioning requires the study of change across multiple levels ranging from momentary learning to species history. 
D)  Individuals are responsible for their own mental development.

Question 6

Animism refers to the tendency to

Accepted Answer

A)  endow inanimate objects with qualities of living things. 
B)  assume that all objects and events in the world were created by human beings. 
C)  believe that psychological phenomena have a real, material existence. 
D)  believe that one's identity can be changed by wearing a mask or changing clothes.

Question 7

The realization that the qualitative or generic nature of something is not changed by a change in its appearance is known as

Accepted Answer

A)  qualitative identity. 
B)  object permanence. 
C)  reversibility. 
D)  equilibrium.

Question 8

Recent studies have found that modifications to Inhelder and Piaget's natural science tasks have resulted in improvements in reasoning among adults. Which is NOT one of these modifications?

Accepted Answer

A)  Providing a hint or prompt 
B)  Using more extended training procedures 
C)  Showing how to solve the tasks during training 
D)  Varying the content of the tasks so that they become either familiar or interesting

Question 9

A researcher says the following: "I believe that the mechanisms of change in cognitive development are mainly due to processes internal to the individual child." What theory do you think this researcher adheres to?

Accepted Answer

A)  Vygotskian 
B)  Evolutionary 
C)  Social learning 
D)  Piagetian

Question 10

Discuss some of the benefits of symbolic play on development.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Discuss some of the benefits of symbolic...

Question 11

Vygotsky stated that "In play, a child is always above his average age, above his daily behaviour; in play it is as though he were a head taller than himself." This statement refers to the idea that

Accepted Answer

A)  play functions as a zone of proximal development. 
B)  play is pure assimilation. 
C)  play promotes physical development. 
D)  play enables a child to regress.

Question 12

The distinguishing feature of the formal operational period is

Accepted Answer

A)  representational thought. 
B)  hypothetical-deductive reasoning. 
C)  mastery of tasks such as conservation, seriation, and class inclusion. 
D)  in-the-head-problem solving.

Question 13

Akshay understands that the change in the length of a row in a number conservation task is compensated for by the change in the spacing between the objects. In being able to keep both aspects of this situation in mind, Akshay is showing __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  reversibility 
B)  seriation 
C)  decentration 
D)  negation

Question 14

Researchers were interested in how students solved three tasks. The first task involved determining what factors influence the bending of a rod. The second task involved experimenting with different combinations of chemicals to determine which combination produced a yellow solution. The third task was the pendulum problem. These researchers were most likely studying the cognitive abilities of

Accepted Answer

A)  preschoolers. 
B)  formal operational thinking. 
C)  scripts. 
D)  the influence of positive and negative reinforcement.

Question 15

Kellie's mom is trying to wean her off the bottle. When Kellie gets up in the morning and when she goes to bed at night, she asks for her bottle, even though there are no bottles that are visible. According to Piaget, which substage of sensorimotor development is Kellie in?

Accepted Answer

A)  substage 3 (4 to 8 months) 
B)  substage 4 (8 to 12 months) 
C)  substage 5 (12 to 18 months) 
D)  substage 6 (18 to 24 months)

Question 16

Babies first become capable of mental representation during which substage of sensorimotor development?

Accepted Answer

A)  substage 3 (4 to 8 months) 
B)  substage 4 (8 to 12 months) 
C)  substage 5 (12 to 18 months) 
D)  substage 6 (18 to 24 months)

Question 17

Research has shown that most 3-year-olds demonstrate that they

Accepted Answer

A)  understand what they know and how they know it. 
B)  can recapture how one of their own beliefs came to be instilled. 
C)  believe they have always known clearly, recently-acquired facts. 
D)  are capable of all of the above.

Question 18

Symbolic play includes

Accepted Answer

A)  pretending with and without objects. 
B)  building structures out of blocks. 
C)  using a shovel to dig a hole in the ground. 
D)  sweeping the floor with a broom.

Question 19

The process by which we interpret the environment in terms of our current cognitive structures is known as

Accepted Answer

A)  organization. 
B)  adaptation. 
C)  assimilation. 
D)  accommodation.

Question 20

During which sensorimotor substage do infants first discover procedures for reproducing interesting events?

Accepted Answer

A)  substage 0 (the prenatal period) 
B)  substage 1 (birth to 1 month) 
C)  substage 2 (1 to 4 months) 
D)  substage 3 (4 to 8 months)

Exam 8: Cognitive Development: Piagetian and Vygotskian Approaches