Question 1

Children from economically advantaged homes are at their healthiest in __________.

Accepted Answer

A)   infancy
B)   early childhood
C)   middle childhood
D)   adolescence C

Question 2

After age 8,girls __________ than boys.

Accepted Answer

A)   grow slower
B)   have slightly more muscle
C)   have slightly less body fat
D)   begin accumulating fat at a faster rate D

Question 3

Discuss the development of planning on multistep tasks in middle childhood.

Accepted Answer

Planning on multistep tasks improves over the school years.On tasks with multiple parts,older children make decisions about what to do first and what to do next in a more orderly fashion.By the end of middle childhood,children engage in advance planning-evaluating an entire sequence of steps to see if it will get them to their goal.Nine- and 10-year-olds can project ahead,predicting how early steps in their plan will affect success at later steps and adjust their overall plan accordingly.Children learn much about planning from collaborating with more expert planners.With age,they take more responsibility in these joint endeavors,such as suggesting planning strategies and organizing task materials.The demands of school tasks-and parents' and teachers' explanations of how to plan-contribute to gains in school-age children's planning.But adult-controlled activities may rob children of opportunities to plan.In one study,researchers videotaped small groups of first and second graders devising plays they would perform for their class.Some groups were child-led,whereas others were led by adult volunteers.Child-led groups engaged in extensive planning,brainstorming themes and working out the details of their plays.But when adults planned the play in advance,the children spent most of their time in nonplanning pursuits,such as rehearsing lines.The adults missed a rich opportunity to scaffold planning by turning over responsibility for it to the children and guiding and supporting,as needed.

Question 4

Dr.Whittier believes that many intelligence tests sample knowledge and skills that not all groups of children have had equal opportunity to learn.Dr.Whittier's belief reflects the controversial question about whether ethnic differences in IQ have to do with __________.

Accepted Answer

A)   heritability
B)   multiple intelligences
C)   test bias
D)   SES

Question 5

Dramatic generational IQ gains are greatest on tests of __________.

Accepted Answer

A)   verbal comprehension
B)   quantitative reasoning
C)   fluid reasoning
D)   spatial reasoning

Question 6

Which statement about attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)is true?

Accepted Answer

A)   All children with ADHD are hyperactive.
B)   Fraternal twins are more likely than identical twins to have ADHD.
C)   Boys are diagnosed with ADHD two to three times as often as girls.
D)   For a child to be diagnosed with ADHD, symptoms must appear before age 5.

Question 7

In a study comparing map-making skills of 12-year-olds in small cities in India and the United States,the Indian children represented more __________ than the American children.

Accepted Answer

A)   space
B)   main streets
C)   key directions
D)   features of social life

Question 8

At present in the United States,public opinion and educational practice favor __________ for dual language learners.

Accepted Answer

A)   bilingual classroom instruction
B)   English-only instruction
C)   instruction in the home language only
D)   trilingual classroom instruction

Question 9

Dr.Goldberg introduces irrelevant stimuli into a task and records how well children attend to its central elements.Dr.Goldberg is probably studying __________.

Accepted Answer

A)   planning
B)   selectivity of attention
C)   memory strategies
D)   elaboration

Question 10

Children of bilingual parents who teach them both languages in infancy and early childhood __________.

Accepted Answer

A)   generally take five to seven years to attain speaking and writing skills on par with those of monolingual agemates
B)   attain language milestones in both languages far later than monolingual agemates
C)   have a much smaller and less sophisticated vocabulary than monolingual children
D)   separate the language systems early on and attain early language milestones according to a typical timetable

Question 11

Which statement is true about African-American English?

Accepted Answer

A)   It is a deficient form of standard American English.
B)   It is a simple dialect with few governing rules.
C)   Many children learn to flexibly shift between African-American English and standard English by third grade.
D)   Children who continue to speak mostly African-American English generally progress quickly in reading.

Question 12

Which statement about gross-motor development in middle childhood is accurate?

Accepted Answer

A)   Compared with preschoolers, school-age children are physically less pliable and elastic.
B)   Preschoolers can propel themselves farther off the ground when running than school-age children.
C)   During middle childhood, the capacity to react only to relevant information decreases.
D)   Compared with preschoolers, school-age children are more agile and have better balance.

Question 13

On the basis of twin studies and other kinship evidence,researchers estimate that about __________ of the differences in IQ among children can be traced to their genetic makeup.

Accepted Answer

A)   a quarter
B)   a third
C)   half
D)   two-thirds

Question 14

In middle childhood,as in early childhood,boys__________ than girls.

Accepted Answer

A)   have more body fat
B)   have more muscle
C)   are shorter
D)   are lighter

Question 15

In Sternberg's triarchic theory of successful intelligence,intelligent behavior involves balancing __________ intelligences.

Accepted Answer

A)   linguistic, emotional, and practical
B)   spatial, kinesthetic, and interpersonal
C)   creative, intrapersonal, and emotional
D)   analytical, creative, and practical

Question 16

On the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-V),which intellectual factor emphasizes culture-dependent information?

Accepted Answer

A)   verbal comprehension
B)   visual-spatial reasoning
C)   fluid reasoning
D)   working memory

Question 17

Eight-year-old Miles has confidence in his own ability.When he faces a spelling test,he believes that he can practice spelling the words and he will do well on the test.Miles has developed __________.

Accepted Answer

A)   learned helplessness
B)   academic self-efficacy
C)   inflated self-esteem
D)   interpersonal intelligence

Question 18

School-age children master concrete operational tasks __________.

Accepted Answer

A)   all at once
B)   gradually, in a continuum of acquisition
C)   much later than Piaget believed
D)   after they master abstract thinking

Question 19

Paul is concerned because his 6-year-old son,Bobby,prints using large letters and numbers.Bobby's writing is large because he __________.

Accepted Answer

A)   cannot yet visually distinguish fine details
B)   has not yet developed adequate depth perception
C)   makes strokes with his entire arm rather than just the wrist and fingers
D)   can only use his wrist and fingers to form the letters and numbers

Question 20

Which statement about the impact of culture and schooling on concrete operational thought is accurate?

Accepted Answer

A)   Children with no formal schooling master Piagetian tasks only as adults.
B)   When children of the same age are tested, those who have been in school longer score lower on transitive inference problems.
C)   Brain development combined with experience lead children everywhere to reach the concrete operational stage at about the same time.
D)   Evidence indicates that specific cultural and school practices have much to do with mastery of Piagetian tasks.

Exam 9: Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood