Suppose There Is a Positive Bivariate Relationship Between Pathogen Exposure

Multiple Choice

Suppose there is a positive bivariate relationship between pathogen exposure and blood pressure. Which of these scenarios would most clearly reveal this as a spurious association?

A) Occupational prestige caused both pathogen exposure and blood pressure.
B) Pathogen exposure decreases immune functioning, which raises blood pressure.
C) The association between pathogen exposure and blood pressure is actually non-linear.
D) Pathogen exposure has a stronger relationship with blood pressure among men than it does among women.