During a Fair, Karl Sees That a Man Has Fallen

Multiple Choice

During a fair, Karl sees that a man has fallen down. Since there is no one else around and Karl knows it is an emergency, he feels like he should help. But Karl has no training in CPR or first aid, so Karl hurries off instead of helping. Which step of the decision-making process model lead to inaction on Karl's part?

A) the first
B) the second
C) the third
D) the fourth