Question 1

Crews and colleagues (1984, 1987) examined patterns of reproduction with regard to (1) gamete production, (2) secretion of sex steroids, and (3) timing of mating behavior in a wide variety of vertebrates and found that three general patterns of reproduction emerged. In the red-sided garter snake, for example, the window of mating opportunity is from 1 to 4 weeks, and courtship behavior of adult male snakes is activated by an increase in ambient temperature following winter dormancy, rather than by a surge in testicular hormones. Sperm produced 5 to 10 weeks later are stored for use during the next spring. This pattern would be an example of a(n)

Accepted Answer

A)  associated reproductive pattern. 
B)  dissociated reproductive pattern. 
C)  interventional reproductive pattern. 
D)  opportunistic reproductive pattern.

Question 2

When male marine toads (Bufo marinus) were allowed to clasp females for either zero, one, two, or three hours, concentrations of androgens increased with the number of hours spent in amplexus. The rise in androgens during amplexus suggests that

Accepted Answer

A)  the females had selected the males based on their hormonal status. 
B)  the increase in hormones induced the mating behavior. 
C)  the males were attempting to mate with the wrong species of female. 
D)  the mating behavior induced the hormonal response.

Question 3

The effect of corticosterone on neurons and on amplectic-clasping behavior in the roughskin newt occurred within minutes of its administration, indicating that the corticosterone

Accepted Answer

A)  is acting via a receptor in the membrane of neurons. 
B)  is binding to an intracellular receptor and altering gene expression and protein synthesis. 
C)  will occasionally produce behaviors that are quite maladaptive. 
D)  All of the above.

Question 4

Male tree lizards (Urosaurus ornatus) of the nonaggressive phenotype are flexible in their territorial behavior, switching between territorial and nomadic behavior in response to environmental conditions. When conditions become stressful, levels of the hormone corticosterone rise, eventually triggering the switch to nomadic behavior.

Accepted Answer

A)  This switch in behavior is prompted by hormone changes that occur during the neonatal period and are, therefore, activational in nature. 
B)  This switch in behavior is prompted by hormone changes that occur during the neonatal period and are, therefore, organizational in nature. 
C)  This switch in behavior is prompted by hormone changes that occur in adulthood and are, therefore, activational in nature. 
D)  This switch in behavior is prompted by hormone changes that occur in adulthood and are, therefore, organizational in nature.

Question 5

The hormone that is believed to underlie parental behaviors in Florida scrub jays, such as feeding young at the nest, is

Accepted Answer

A)  corticosterone. 
B)  estradiol. 
C)  prolactin. 
D)  testosterone.

Question 6

Hormones

Accepted Answer

A)  are chemical substances that are both secreted and have their effect within the same part of the body. 
B)  can be secreted either by endocrine glands or by neurons. 
C)  are delivered by means of specialized ducts. 
D)  all of the above.

Question 7

When researchers administered corticosterone to amplexing male roughskin newts (Taricha granulosa) or exposed them to stressful conditions known to prompt corticosterone secretion

Accepted Answer

A)  the amplectic-clasping behavior was rapidly suppressed. 
B)  the intensity of the amplectic clasping was greatly increased. 
C)  the males were able to ignore the stressful stimulus and continue with their mating behavior. 
D)  the reactions varied tremendously on an individual basis.

Question 8

Arnold and Breedlove (1985) questioned the usefulness of the distinction between organizational and activational effects of steroid hormones on behavior.

Accepted Answer

A)  Arnold and Breedlove were unable to uncover biochemical or anatomical evidence of two fundamentally different ways in which steroid hormones act on the nervous system. 
B)  Arnold and Breedlove believed that the distinction was too restrictive. 
C)  The authors of your text acknowledge the concerns but continue to find the traditional distinction useful in categorizing hormonal effects. 
D)  All of the above.

Question 9

Some male tree lizards (Urosaurus ornatus) are aggressive while others are nonaggressive. They are one phenotype or the other and remain so for life. These alternative phenotypes are said to be

Accepted Answer

A)  developmentally fixed. 
B)  developmentally plastic. 
C)  dichotomously flexible. 
D)  dichotomously segregated.

Question 10

In general, an interventional approach to the study of hormone function

Accepted Answer

A)  has become largely irrelevant due to the development of genetic knockout techniques. 
B)  normally requires the use of antihormones. 
C)  will allow us to determine if a hormone causes the change we observe in behavior. 
D)  will allow us to look at associations between changes in hormones and changes in behavior, but without any basis for determining which causes which.

Question 11

A correlational study of hormonal influence on behavior is likely to make use of which of the following techniques?

Accepted Answer

A)  development of specialized genetic knockout strains 
B)  removal of an endocrine gland 
C)  repeated sampling of hormone levels 
D)  use of an antihormone

Question 12

Among domestic dogs (Canis lupus), adult males

Accepted Answer

A)  urinate less frequently than females. 
B)  urine mark more frequently than females. 
C)  typically use a different urinary posture than females, unless they have been neutered. 
D)  all of the above.

Question 13

Alpha-fetoprotein

Accepted Answer

A)  binds androgens and, thus, prevents testosterone from reaching target cells in the female rat's brain and inducing masculinization. 
B)  binds androgens and, thus, prevents testosterone from reaching target cells in the male rat's brain and inducing masculinization. 
C)  binds estrogen and, thus, prevents estradiol from reaching target cells in the female rat's brain and inducing masculinization. 
D)  binds estrogen and, thus, prevents estradiol from reaching target cells in the male rat's brain and inducing masculinization.

Question 14

Hormones that are water-soluble and usually affect cells by binding to receptor molecules on the cell surface are known as

Accepted Answer

A)  genomic effector hormones. 
B)  neurosteroid hormones. 
C)  peptide hormones. 
D)  steroid hormones

Question 15

Dzieweczynski et al. (2005, 2006) found that aggressive behavior and levels of the hormone 11 KT (an androgen that mediates aggression) in male Siamese fighting fish (Betta splendens) were influenced by male territory status and the presence of an audience. Levels of aggressive behavior and 11 KT tended to be highest when

Accepted Answer

A)  both test males had nests; female audience present. 
B)  neither test male had a nest; female audience present. 
C)  both test males had nests; male audience present. 
D)  neither test male had a nest; male audience present.

Question 16

As Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) make the developmental transition from parr to smolt, a number of hormones, such as prolactin, growth hormone, cortisol, and thyroid hormones, interact with a variety of environmental cues to produce changes in

Accepted Answer

A)  body coloration and markings. 
B)  osmoregulation to support life in freshwater vs. life in saltwater. 
C)  territoriality and feeding styles. 
D)  all of the above.

Question 17

Sex differences in the calling behavior of clawed frogs (Xenopus laevis) can be traced, in part, to hormone-induced changes in the number and type of muscle fibers in the frog's larynx. This illustrates best the way in which hormones influence behavior by means of their effect on

Accepted Answer

A)  muscles and motor neurons. 
B)  changes in social preference. 
C)  sensory or perceptual mechanisms. 
D)  the central nervous system.

Question 18

Interestingly, it has been determined that aggressive behavior is not limited to the breeding season among nonmigratory (sedentary) populations of song sparrows, and that the behavior is regulated by

Accepted Answer

A)  estradiol during the breeding season, but testosterone during the nonbreeding season. 
B)  high levels of testosterone during the breeding season, but low levels of testosterone during the nonbreeding season. 
C)  surprisingly low levels of testosterone during the breeding season, but higher levels of testosterone during the nonbreeding season. 
D)  testosterone during the breeding season, but estradiol during the nonbreeding season.

Question 19

Female domestic pigs (Sus scrofa) are able to detect lower quantities of the boar pheromone, 16-androsterone, than are males. This illustrates best the way in which hormones influence behavior by means of their effect on

Accepted Answer