Question 1

"Civil religion":

Accepted Answer

A)   uses religion to justify the "American way of life"
B)   actively discourages the acceptance of inequality
C)   sees otherworldly religion as an opiate of the people
D)   promotes importance of "civil" relationships between persons of all social strata A

Question 2

Whites with high incomes are more likely than other groups to feel that income should be based more on skills than on needs.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False  True

Question 3

Which statement is refuted by Shepelak's research?

Accepted Answer

A)   Rich people feel that they are morally superior to poor people.
B)   Poor people believe they deserve the low incomes they receive.
C)   Poor people are generally dissatisfied with their standard of living.
D)   All of the above. B

Question 4

Americans appear to make judgments about the fairness of the amount of income a person makes in part upon the person's sex and marital status.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 5

Discuss the legitimation of social inequality at the cultural/institutional level. How do social institutions such as the family, education, and religion impact how we view social inequality? Give examples.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Discuss the legitimation of social inequality at...

Question 6

Describe the social-psychological process by which individuals conclude that an unequal distribution of resources is fair.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe the social-psychological process by which individuals...

Question 7

In an analysis of large national samples in nine industrial countries, including the U.S., virtually no one in these countries is in favor of a completely egalitarian distribution of income.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 8

More people attribute poverty and wealth to individualistic as opposed to structural factors.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 9

Schools encourage acceptance of inequality through:

Accepted Answer

A)   its appearance as an objective institution
B)   reinforcement of appropriate gender roles for each sex
C)   teacher-student relationships in which adjustment is encouraged
D)   all of the above

Question 10

Traditionally, men have been encouraged to perform instrumental roles while women have been socialized to perform expressive roles.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 11

The "principle of equality" is most consistent with _____________ theory.

Accepted Answer

A)   Marxian
B)   functional
C)   human capital
D)   none of the above

Question 12

An analysis of large national samples in nine industrial countries, including the United States, revealed that many Americans:

Accepted Answer

A)   were more concerned with people at the top getting too much rather than with people at the bottom not getting enough
B)   did not prefer a high degree of income inequality
C)   believed that there should be no limit on the amount of inequality allowed
D)   thought that the amount of income inequality is too small

Question 13

The "principle of differentiation" states that:

Accepted Answer

A)   the stronger you are, the more you will receive
B)   people with different abilities should receive different levels of rewards
C)   all people are of equal value even though they are different
D)   the rewards people receive do not depend upon their contribution to society

Question 14

Most Americans attribute Blacks' lack of success to discrimination.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 15

A 1980s study found that:

Accepted Answer

A)   Whites were more likely than Blacks to consider economic inequality as unjust
B)   men were more likely than women to see occupational inequality as being unfair
C)   Whites with higher incomes were more likely than others to endorse the existingUnequal distribution
D)   all of the above

Question 16

Referring to income as "rewards" or "earnings" plants the belief that the money is undeserved.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 17

The lower expectations by teachers of lower status individuals influence helps to ensure their lower educational attainment.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 18

The dominant ideology in the U.S. holds that:

Accepted Answer

A)   the system of inequality is unjust
B)   individuals are personally responsible for their own success
C)   opportunity for economic mobility is restricted to the rich and powerful
D)   individual attainment depends upon the structural constraints within which one lives

Question 19

Perceptions of inequality in the United States tend to underestimate the actual discrepancies in earnings that exist compared to those found in most other industrial countries.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 20

Sharon Hays who spent three years talking to welfare recipients concluded that we should:

Accepted Answer

A)   increase taxes for caregivers
B)   make workplace family leave for stringent
C)   raise the minimum wage to the level of a "living wage" that is sufficient to support children
D)   raise the qualifications for entering job-training programs

Exam 14: Justice and Legitimacy: Assessments of the Structure of Inequality

"Civil religion":

Whites with high incomes are more likely than other groups to feel that income should be based more on skills than on needs.

Which statement is refuted by Shepelak's research?

Americans appear to make judgments about the fairness of the amount of income a person makes in part upon the person's sex and marital status.

Discuss the legitimation of social inequality at the cultural/institutional level. How do social institutions such as the family, education, and religion impact how we view social inequality? Give examples.

Describe the social-psychological process by which individuals conclude that an unequal distribution of resources is fair.

In an analysis of large national samples in nine industrial countries, including the U.S., virtually no one in these countries is in favor of a completely egalitarian distribution of income.

More people attribute poverty and wealth to individualistic as opposed to structural factors.

Schools encourage acceptance of inequality through:

Traditionally, men have been encouraged to perform instrumental roles while women have been socialized to perform expressive roles.

The "principle of equality" is most consistent with _____________ theory.

An analysis of large national samples in nine industrial countries, including the United States, revealed that many Americans:

The "principle of differentiation" states that:

Most Americans attribute Blacks' lack of success to discrimination.

A 1980s study found that:

Referring to income as "rewards" or "earnings" plants the belief that the money is undeserved.

The lower expectations by teachers of lower status individuals influence helps to ensure their lower educational attainment.

The dominant ideology in the U.S. holds that:

Perceptions of inequality in the United States tend to underestimate the actual discrepancies in earnings that exist compared to those found in most other industrial countries.

Sharon Hays who spent three years talking to welfare recipients concluded that we should: