Question 1

Drifting baselines arise in cases in which:

Accepted Answer

A)  there is a wide variation in baseline behavior within a baseline phase. 
B)  it may prove impossible to stabilize a baseline against slow, systematic changes. 
C)  there is a failure to achieve intersubject replication. 
D)  All of the answers are correct.

Question 2

When using baseline designs during an experiment, the only way to determine whether baselines have met a stability criterion is to update a baseline plot after each session and then examine it.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 3

The single-subject baseline design relies on intrasubject replication to establish the reliability of the observations collected within each phase.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 4

Partially recoverable baselines pose few problems for analysis as long as:

Accepted Answer

A)  the drift evident in the baseline is systematic and is in an upward direction. 
B)  the drift evident in the baseline is systematic and is in a downward direction. 
C)  a clear, replicable change remains in the levels of performance across treatments. 
D)  All of the answers are correct.

Question 5

The group approach assumes that if experimental controls fail to reduce uncontrolled variation, then _____ should be used to control it.

Accepted Answer

A)  intrasubject replication 
B)  intersubject replication 
C)  statistical methods 
D)  complete ignorance

Question 6

Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using single-subject designs.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using...

Question 7

When the usual statistical procedures developed for group designs are to be applied to data from single-subject designs, the most straightforward approach is to use the:

Accepted Answer

A)  between-subjects differences to estimate error variance. 
B)  multiple observations taken within a treatment to provide an estimate of uncontrolled error variance. 
C)  multiple observations taken between treatments to provide an estimate of uncontrolled error variance. 
D)  between-subjects differences to estimate error variance and the multiple observations taken within a treatment to provide an estimate of uncontrolled error variance.

Question 8

The multiple-baseline design uses an untreated behavior as a:

Accepted Answer

A)  partial control for time-correlated changes that may confound the effect of an independent variable. 
B)  way to achieve intrasubject replication. 
C)  statistical control for treated behavior. 
D)  None of the answers is correct.

Question 9

A direct replication of a study replicates the original study exactly.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 10

Give an example of a dynamic design.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Give an example of a dynamic design....

Question 11

In a changing criterion design, it is never necessary to reduce the set criterion once a subject has achieved it.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 12

List the problems researchers are most likely to deal with in baseline designs in addition to excessive uncontrolled variability. Describe their causes and ways to handle them.

Accepted Answer

The answer of List the problems researchers are most likely...

Question 13

In the single-subject approach, an intensive investigation of the behavior of a single subject is advantageous because the long observational period often reveals nuances of behavior that might be missed in a short-term design.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 14

Which of the following statements is true about the single-subject approach?

Accepted Answer

A)  Causal relationships can be established by using even just one subject. 
B)  Tight experimental control of extraneous variables increases external validity. 
C)  Multiple subjects' behaviors are followed over a relatively large number of observations. 
D)  Subject variables such as personality and intelligence can be easily controlled.

Question 15

A single-subject researcher never pays attention to identify the possible sources of variability.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 16

In the changing criterion design, one begins with _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  controlling the extraneous variables that introduce unwanted variability in the dependent variables 
B)  a baseline phase to assess the current level of a target behavior 
C)  adjusting the target criterion to move a small step toward the ultimate goal 
D)  an intervention phase to set an initial target criterion for a target behavior

Question 17

Design an ABAB experiment to show the effect of a treatment (for example, reinforcement or punishment) on behavior. Clearly label each phase, and indicate why each phase is included. Also, show a graph of the expected results if your treatment were effective.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Design an ABAB experiment to show the...

Question 18

In a changing criterion design, is it ever necessary to reduce an initially set criterion once it has been achieved by a subject? Explain.

Accepted Answer

The answer of In a changing criterion design, is it...

Exam 12: Using Single-Subject Designs

Drifting baselines arise in cases in which:

When using baseline designs during an experiment, the only way to determine whether baselines have met a stability criterion is to update a baseline plot after each session and then examine it.

The single-subject baseline design relies on intrasubject replication to establish the reliability of the observations collected within each phase.

Partially recoverable baselines pose few problems for analysis as long as:

The group approach assumes that if experimental controls fail to reduce uncontrolled variation, then _____ should be used to control it.

Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using single-subject designs.

When the usual statistical procedures developed for group designs are to be applied to data from single-subject designs, the most straightforward approach is to use the:

The multiple-baseline design uses an untreated behavior as a:

A direct replication of a study replicates the original study exactly.

Give an example of a dynamic design.

In a changing criterion design, it is never necessary to reduce the set criterion once a subject has achieved it.

List the problems researchers are most likely to deal with in baseline designs in addition to excessive uncontrolled variability. Describe their causes and ways to handle them.

In the single-subject approach, an intensive investigation of the behavior of a single subject is advantageous because the long observational period often reveals nuances of behavior that might be missed in a short-term design.

Which of the following statements is true about the single-subject approach?

A single-subject researcher never pays attention to identify the possible sources of variability.

In the changing criterion design, one begins with _____.

Design an ABAB experiment to show the effect of a treatment (for example, reinforcement or punishment) on behavior. Clearly label each phase, and indicate why each phase is included. Also, show a graph of the expected results if your treatment were effective.

In a changing criterion design, is it ever necessary to reduce an initially set criterion once it has been achieved by a subject? Explain.