Question 1

Karl Marx used the term ______________ to refer to those who owned the means of production.

Accepted Answer

A)  proletariat 
B)  working class 
C)  middle class 
D)  power elite 
E)  bourgeoisie

Question 2

__________________ reflect people's beliefs about why it is fair that some people are ranked higher than others and given different rewards.

Accepted Answer

A)  System ideals 
B)  Caste and estate principles 
C)  Legitimating rationales 
D)  Constitutional principles 
E)  Any of these, depending on the type of stratification system.

Question 3

Which of the following statements is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  Individual discrimination tends to be unintentional. 
B)  Individual discrimination has far more serious consequences than institutional discrimination. 
C)  Institutional discrimination tends to occur as a result of corporate or group conspiracies. 
D)  Institutional discrimination nearly always involves intentional discrimination. 
E)  none of these

Question 4

According to Weber, when you have the ability to impose your will on others even when faced with their resistance, you have

Accepted Answer

A)  class. 
B)  status. 
C)  influence. 
D)  membership in the bourgeoisie. 
E)  power.

Question 5

Researchers have found that parents' social class has an effect on kids' health and education, but not with their work lives as adults.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 6

Categories of people who, as a result of their shared cultural heritage, are regarded as distinct from the rest of the population are called

Accepted Answer

A)  a distinctive group. 
B)  a dominant group. 
C)  a minority group. 
D)  an ethnic group. 
E)  a language group.

Question 7

You are reading the alumni newsletter from Elite University (a very prestigious institution). In the newsletter it is mentioned that children of "generous" alumni (i.e., those who contribute large amounts of money) are guaranteed admission to the institution, regardless of their grades. Interestingly, you note from the pictures of generous alums that they are all white. You conclude that here is an example of

Accepted Answer

A)  stereotyping. 
B)  prejudicial treatment. 
C)  individual discrimination. 
D)  institutional discrimination. 
E)  good financial management.

Question 8

The assumption that people in different social classes have different patterns of values, beliefs, and norms, and that these make a difference in how easily people can succeed is related to __________Explanations of social stratification.

Accepted Answer

A)  structural 
B)  cultural 
C)  intergenerational 
D)  achievement-oriented 
E)  volitional

Question 9

According to sociological researchers who adhere to structural explanations of poverty, the primary determinant of who gets ahead in society is who works the hardest.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 10

According to Marx, the means of production is the defining characteristic of any society.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 11

Max Weber suggested that

Accepted Answer

A)  one's place in the stratification system is determined primarily by one's occupation. 
B)  one's place in the stratification system is determined primarily by one's access to capital or wealth. 
C)  one's place in the stratification system is determined of several factors. 
D)  society is divided into two major classes: those who control the means of production and those who don't. 
E)  raising taxes will encourage industry to move offshore and lead to a decline in workers' standard of living.

Question 12

Sociologists use the term _______________ to refer to the creation of layers of people possessing unequal shares of scarce social stuff like income, prestige, and power.

Accepted Answer

A)  socialization 
B)  social grading 
C)  stratification 
D)  proletarization 
E)  tracking

Question 13

Stratification systems

Accepted Answer

A)  tend to persist for a long time. 
B)  are resistant to change. 
C)  seem fair and just to most people in a society. 
D)  involve different rewards for people in different strata. 
E)  all of these

Question 14

According to Robert Merton, a "timid bigot"

Accepted Answer

A)  usually grows out of being prejudiced. 
B)  ironically, can do more harm than a brave bigot. 
C)  rarely discriminates. 
D)  is less prejudiced than a brave bigot. 
E)  none of these

Question 15

Kozol's comparison of schools in poor and wealthy neighborhood supports Horace Mann's (1796-1859) theory that schools are the "great equalizers"
in US society.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 16

Differences in social-cultural expectations about how males and females ought to behave and their respective rights and duties are known as

Accepted Answer

A)  sex differences. 
B)  gender differences. 
C)  cultural differences. 
D)  achieved statuses. 
E)  none of these

Question 17

Margaret Mead's research in New Guinea marked a turning point for social scientists. More specifically, her research among the Tchambuli, Mundugumor and the Arapesh revealed that

Accepted Answer

A)  most anthropologists are more ethnocentric than most sociologists. 
B)  it is a mistake to equate "sex" (the biological attribute) with "gender" (the social attribute). 
C)  what is deviant in one society is not necessarily deviant in another society. 
D)  people from New Guinea are atavistic. 
E)  the so-called one drop theory is incorrect.

Question 18

Which of the following statements is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  Prejudice and prejudgment are fundamentally the same thing. 
B)  When a person who is prejudiced is confronted with information that clearly proves the prejudice to be . inaccurate, the individual will likely reject his or her prejudice. 
C)  If an individual is prejudiced, he or she will inevitably discriminate. 
D)  Avoidance and extermination are both examples of discrimination. 
E)  The primary requirement for membership in a minority group is sheer numbers. The bigger your group, . the less likely it is to be a minority group.

Question 19

______________ mobility is measured from one generation to the next.

Accepted Answer

A)  Intragenerational 
B)  Intergenerational 
C)  Vertical and horizontal 
D)  Structural 
E)  all of these

Question 20

Sociologists use the term "gender" to refer to

Accepted Answer

A)  the rationales used to legitimate distinguishing between men and women. 
B)  expected behaviors associated with particular sex roles in society. 
C)  androgyny. 
D)  an achieved status. 
E)  biological sex.

Exam 8: Stratification and Inequality, Inequality and Achievement: Social Class, and Inequality and Ascription: Race, Ethnicity, and Gender

Karl Marx used the term ______________ to refer to those who owned the means of production.

__________________ reflect people's beliefs about why it is fair that some people are ranked higher than others and given different rewards.

Which of the following statements is true?

According to Weber, when you have the ability to impose your will on others even when faced with their resistance, you have

Researchers have found that parents' social class has an effect on kids' health and education, but not with their work lives as adults.

Categories of people who, as a result of their shared cultural heritage, are regarded as distinct from the rest of the population are called

The assumption that people in different social classes have different patterns of values, beliefs, and norms, and that these make a difference in how easily people can succeed is related to __________Explanations of social stratification.

According to sociological researchers who adhere to structural explanations of poverty, the primary determinant of who gets ahead in society is who works the hardest.

According to Marx, the means of production is the defining characteristic of any society.

Max Weber suggested that

Sociologists use the term _______________ to refer to the creation of layers of people possessing unequal shares of scarce social stuff like income, prestige, and power.

Stratification systems

According to Robert Merton, a "timid bigot"

Kozol's comparison of schools in poor and wealthy neighborhood supports Horace Mann's (1796-1859) theory that schools are the "great equalizers" in US society.

Differences in social-cultural expectations about how males and females ought to behave and their respective rights and duties are known as

Margaret Mead's research in New Guinea marked a turning point for social scientists. More specifically, her research among the Tchambuli, Mundugumor and the Arapesh revealed that

Which of the following statements is true?

______________ mobility is measured from one generation to the next.

Sociologists use the term "gender" to refer to