Question 1

When children observed an adult treating a Bobo doll in an aggressive manner

Accepted Answer

A)  they were more likely to treat the doll aggressively themselves when they had the chance to play with it. 
B)  it aroused a great deal of anxiety in the children and the experiment needed to be discontinued. 
C)  only children who were initially highly aggressive in their play were affected by what they saw. 
D)  they exactly copied what they saw the adult do when they played with a smaller doll.

Question 2

The understanding that newborn ducklings and goslings will imprint upon and follow their mothers immediately after birth came from early work in the field of

Accepted Answer

A)  ethology. 
B)  sociobiology. 
C)  ecological theory. 
D)  information processing.

Question 3

According to psychoanalytic theory, a person can be fixated at a stage because their needs were not adequately met at that stage or because they received so much gratification that the person is not willing to move on to another stage.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 4

Development change is primarily driven by biological processes.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 5

A nine-year-old boy is not doing well in school. How would you find out what is causing his problem and how would you treat the problem if you were a behaviorist? ….if you were a psychoanalyst?

Accepted Answer

The answer of A nine-year-old boy is not doing well...

Question 6

In operant conditioning

Accepted Answer

A)  involuntary responses are either reinforced or punished by the environment. 
B)  an unconditioned stimulus will always lead to an unconditioned response. 
C)  a reinforcement that follows a behavior causes that behavior to occur again. 
D)  a fixed response produces behaviors that are the most resistant to extinction.

Question 7

How does experience influence the development of the brain?

Accepted Answer

The answer of How does experience influence the development of...

Question 8

Freud would say that an adult who smokes heavily or one who constantly bites her nails

Accepted Answer

A)  is trying to repress her aggressive urges. 
B)  is fixated at the oral stages because these needs were not met in infancy. 
C)  has not resolved his or her issues with the same-sex parent. 
D)  is stuck in the latency stage of development.

Question 9

The scientific process

Accepted Answer

A)  is the best way to prove or disprove a theory. 
B)  provides us with hypotheses, but does not provide the methodology to test them. 
C)  has changed over time so that there now is little agreement on the best way to conduct the process. 
D)  cannot prove a theory beyond a shadow of a doubt, but can provide evidence that supports or opposes the ideas in it.

Question 10

Explain what is meant when dynamic systems theory is compared to a jazz improvisation rather than a written piece of music.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Explain what is meant when dynamic systems...

Question 11

Compare the evidence for and against Piaget's idea of object constancy (permanence) and the theory of core knowledge.

Accepted Answer

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Question 12

Which of the following correctly describes the steps in imitation according to social cognitive theory?

Accepted Answer

A)  motoric response - attention - memory - motivation 
B)  attention - memory - motoric response - motivation 
C)  motivation - attention - memory - motoric response 
D)  motivation - memory - attention - motoric response

Question 13

The part of the personality in Freudian psychoanalytic theory that negotiates between the demands of the real world and the drive to satisfy basic drives is the

Accepted Answer

A)  id. 
B)  ego. 
C)  superego. 
D)  latency principle.

Question 14

In Freud's psychoanalytic theory, the basic drives, such as sex and hunger, are contained in the

Accepted Answer

A)  id. 
B)  ego. 
C)  unconscious. 
D)  superego.

Question 15

Stage theories are also considered to be:

Accepted Answer

A)  qualitative theories. 
B)  quantitative theories. 
C)  intervention theories. 
D)  incremental theories.

Question 16

Some adolescents abuse alcohol in a way that is risky to their health and possibly to those around them. Describe at each level of Bronfenbrenner's ecological model what may cause an individual to develop such problems.

Accepted Answer

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Question 17

You can extinguish an undesired behavior by

Accepted Answer

A)  delivering an unpleasant consequence following the behavior. 
B)  slowly escalating the amount of punishment for the continued undesired behavior. 
C)  not responding to the behavior. 
D)  only intermittently punishing the behavior.

Question 18

What does developmental theory in non-Western cultures focus on?

Accepted Answer

A)  The role of the individual in the context of the social group. 
B)  The primary role of the first three years of life for development. 
C)  The role of active participation in the developmental process. 
D)  The role of spirituality in developmental processes.

Question 19

Describe Piaget's ideas of assimilation, accommodation and equilibration.

Accepted Answer

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Question 20

After you eat dinner at your favorite restaurant five times, they give you a free dessert. This is an example of a ________________ schedule of reinforcement.

Accepted Answer

A)  fixed ratio 
B)  variable ratio 
C)  fixed interval 
D)  variable interval

Exam 2: Theories of Development