Question 1

B.F.Skinner is known for studying

Accepted Answer

A)  classical conditioning. 
B)  vicarious conditioning. 
C)  latent learning. 
D)  operant conditioning.

Question 2

The two types of associative learning are

Accepted Answer

A)  classical conditioning and observational learning. 
B)  vicarious learning and cognitive learning. 
C)  classical conditioning and operant conditioning. 
D)  operant conditioning and cognitive learning.

Question 3

Fears and phobias cannot be readily eased by merely reading about them because

Accepted Answer

A)  most phobias are usually learned before a child is capable of reading. 
B)  phobias have an inherited pattern that runs in families. 
C)  one cannot learn complex behaviors merely by reading about them. 
D)  cognitive learning has little effect on the lower brain areas that produce feelings of fear.

Question 4

Lanita blushes when she is embarrassed or ashamed.This behavior was most likely formed in childhood and would be classified by behaviorists as a

Accepted Answer

A)  conditioned stimulus. 
B)  CAI. 
C)  discriminative stimulus. 
D)  CER.

Question 5

Operant conditioning is to Skinner as classical conditioning is to

Accepted Answer

A)  Pavlov. 
B)  Bandura. 
C)  Tolman. 
D)  Freud.

Question 6

During a conditioned emotional response,which area of the brain becomes more active and produces feelings of fear?

Accepted Answer

A)  pons 
B)  reticular formation 
C)  amygdala 
D)  corpus callosum

Question 7

If your mouth waters each time you eat a cookie,you may learn to salivate when you merely see a cookie or a picture of cookie.Your mouth watering to the sight of a cookie illustrates

Accepted Answer

A)  an automatic, non-learned response. 
B)  learning by consequences. 
C)  classical conditioning. 
D)  operant conditioning.

Question 8

If you wear a particular tie and get teased and laughed at,you are less likely to wear this tie again.This illustrates

Accepted Answer

A)  reinforcement. 
B)  punishment. 
C)  a conditioned response. 
D)  an unconditioned response.

Question 9

A relatively permanent change in behavior as a result of experience is the definition of

Accepted Answer

A)  reinforcement. 
B)  introspection. 
C)  motivation. 
D)  learning.

Question 10

Which of the following involves using a well-learned CS as an unconditioned stimulus?

Accepted Answer

A)  acquisitional training 
B)  higher order conditioning 
C)  shaping 
D)  extinction

Question 11

After pairing the conditioned stimulus (CS)and unconditioned stimulus (US)in a series of conditioning trials,the organism learns to respond to the CS alone.This learned behavior is then termed the

Accepted Answer

A)  neutral stimulus. 
B)  latent stimulus. 
C)  unconditioned response. 
D)  conditioned response.

Question 12

For optimal conditioning,the minimum delay between the CS and US should be

Accepted Answer

A)  a half second to five seconds. 
B)  15 to 30 seconds. 
C)  40 to 50 seconds. 
D)  one to two minutes.

Question 13

Barnabus the rat learned a complex series of behaviors,including climbing a staircase,pulling a toy car,wriggling through a tube,and then pressing a lever,in order to receive a food pellet.This complex series of behavior were learned through

Accepted Answer

A)  negative reinforcement. 
B)  response chaining. 
C)  programmed instruction. 
D)  the use of punishment.

Question 14

Rituals to bring rain,ward off illness,or produce abundant crops very likely earn the faith of participants because they occasionally appear to succeed.This illustrates

Accepted Answer

A)  the method of successive approximations. 
B)  superstitious behavior. 
C)  shaping. 
D)  response chaining.

Question 15

Psychologists define learning as

Accepted Answer

A)  a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience. 
B)  a temporary change in behavior due to one's motivational state. 
C)  behavioral changes as a result of maturation and development. 
D)  the modification and replacement of old behaviors and habits with socially acceptable behaviors.

Question 16

In examining expectations that develop during operant conditioning from the informational perspective,which of the following statements is most accurate?

Accepted Answer

A)  We learn that a certain stimulus will be immediately followed by a second stimulus. 
B)  We learn to expect that a certain behavior will be immediately followed by a second stimulus. 
C)  We learn to expect that a certain behavior is more likely to occur in certain situations. 
D)  We learn to expect a reward regardless of the response emitted in a situation.

Question 17

In classical conditioning,learning is evident when a

Accepted Answer

A)  stimulus automatically elicits a consequence. 
B)  stimulus, which did not initially produce a response, now elicits that response. 
C)  spontaneously emitted response increases in frequency because of its consequences. 
D)  subject repeats an action he or she has observed another person perform.

Question 18

A child watches other children wince with pain as they receive hypodermic injections.Although the child has never received an injection,he responds emotionally when a needle is brought near him.His reaction is an example of

Accepted Answer

A)  operant conditioning. 
B)  spontaneous recovery of fear. 
C)  simple classical conditioning. 
D)  vicarious classical conditioning.

Question 19

Three-year-old Johnny was classically conditioned to salivate to a bell that was paired with lemon juice.After this conditioned response was extinguished,the experimenter presented the bell the following day,and Johnny responded by salivating again to the bell,at least at first.Johnny's return to the learned response is known as

Accepted Answer

A)  latent learning. 
B)  response chaining. 
C)  spontaneous recovery. 
D)  stimulus control.

Question 20

According to the authors of your textbook,the key to associative learning is

Accepted Answer

A)  reinforcement. 
B)  cognition. 
C)  maturation. 
D)  practice.

Exam 6: A: Conditioning and Learning