Question 1

In laboratory experiments,a cumulative recorder,which is a device with a moving strip of paper and a mechanical pen,is connected to a Skinner box.Rapid responding by the animal in this experiment will cause the pen on the cumulative recorder to

Accepted Answer

A)  draw a steep line. 
B)  draw a horizontal line. 
C)  draw small tick marks. 
D)  leave empty spaces.

Question 2

A reinforced response tends to be made again when similar antecedents are present.This is referred to as

Accepted Answer

A)  operant stimulus discrimination. 
B)  operant stimulus generalization. 
C)  operant stimulus disinhibition. 
D)  spontaneous recovery.

Question 3

You live in an apartment and your neighbor's stereo is blasting so loudly that your ears hurt.If you pound on the wall and the volume suddenly drops,you are more likely to pound on the wall again if the stereo is loud because you have

Accepted Answer

A)  undergone extinction. 
B)  been negatively reinforced. 
C)  been positively reinforced. 
D)  received punishment.

Question 4

Because you fed your dog table scraps while sitting at the kitchen table,your dog began to jump up and beg for scraps first whenever you were sitting at the kitchen table and later whenever you were sitting at any table or desk in the house.If you do not feed your dog while sitting at any other table besides the kitchen table,the jumping and begging response that originally generalized to all the tables and desks will extinguish because of

Accepted Answer

A)  negative reinforcement. 
B)  nonreinforcement. 
C)  positive punishment. 
D)  latent learning.

Question 5

Whenever you are trying to learn a complex skill,which of the following will almost always improve your learning and performance?

Accepted Answer

A)  higher order conditioning 
B)  increased feedback 
C)  latent learning 
D)  systematic desensitization

Question 6

Social reinforcers consist of

Accepted Answer

A)  primary and secondary reinforcers. 
B)  knowledge and ability. 
C)  the learned desires for attention and approval. 
D)  positive environment stimuli and a lack of punishment.

Question 7

Extinction in operant conditioning involves

Accepted Answer

A)  withholding reinforcement. 
B)  punishment. 
C)  test trials. 
D)  shaping.

Question 8

Every time you give advice to a friend,she suddenly turns cold and rude toward you.Lately,you've stopped offering her advice because giving your friend advice has been

Accepted Answer

A)  negatively reinforced. 
B)  punished. 
C)  classically conditioned. 
D)  affected by all of these.

Question 9

Which schedule of reinforcement may have long periods of nonreward that make it harder to discriminate between periods of reinforcement and extinction?

Accepted Answer

A)  secondary 
B)  partial 
C)  continuous 
D)  conditional

Question 10

Pigeons and rats who are reinforced on fixed interval schedules stop responding immediately after they receive a reinforcer and do not start again until just before the next scheduled reinforcement.This illustrates that these animals are

Accepted Answer

A)  "stuck in time." 
B)  intuitive thinkers. 
C)  cognitive time travelers. 
D)  strongly influenced by circadian rhythms that can help or hinder training.

Question 11

New tools that make it easier for individuals to get feedback about their individual resource consumption are called

Accepted Answer

A)  recycling data recorders. 
B)  green initiative diaries. 
C)  carbon footprint calculators. 
D)  ozone depletion updates.

Question 12

The probability of repeating a response is increased by which of the following consequences?

Accepted Answer

A)  punishment 
B)  response cost 
C)  nonreinforcement 
D)  negative reinforcement

Question 13

A teacher tells her first graders that whenever the bell on her clock rings,the students who are in their seats will each receive one token to put in their "happy jars." She then says,"No one knows when the clock will ring.It might be ten minutes,it might be 17 minutes,or only five minutes; so you better be in your seat." The teacher is using which schedule of reinforcement for "in-seat" behavior?

Accepted Answer

A)  fixed ratio 
B)  fixed interval 
C)  variable ratio 
D)  variable interval

Question 14

Regarding research on whether animals are sensitive to a passage of time,which of the following statements is FALSE?

Accepted Answer

A)  Pigeons put in a Skinner box with a pecking key on each wall were not able to learn to peck at different keys based on the time of day. 
B)  Rats on fixed interval schedules stop responding immediately after they received a reinforcer and did not start again until just before the next scheduled reinforcement. 
C)  When scrub jays were allowed to hoard nuts in one location and worms in another, they would go directly to the worms if they were released four hours later. 
D)  When scrub jays were allowed to hoard nuts in one location and worms in another, they would go directly to the nuts if they were released five days later.

Question 15

In laboratory experiments,a cumulative recorder that has a moving strip of paper and a mechanical pen is connected to a Skinner box.when reinforcers are given to the animal,they are indicated on the paper by

Accepted Answer

A)  steep lines. 
B)  horizontal lines. 
C)  small tick marks. 
D)  empty spaces.

Question 16

On which schedule of reinforcement would a person or animal get rewarded on the average of every fifth response,that is,two correct responses would be made to obtain a reinforcer,sometimes seven responses,sometimes three,and so on with the average being five responses?

Accepted Answer

A)  variable ratio 
B)  fixed interval 
C)  fixed ratio 
D)  variable interval

Question 17

Information about the effects of a particular response is called

Accepted Answer

A)  cognitive branching. 
B)  negative reinforcement. 
C)  primary reinforcement. 
D)  feedback.

Question 18

Punishment is LEAST effective in stopping a behavior when it is

Accepted Answer

A)  intense. 
B)  consistent. 
C)  delayed. 
D)  all of these.

Question 19

What effect does negative reinforcement have on a person's responding?

Accepted Answer

A)  increases it 
B)  decreases it 
C)  completely extinguishes it 
D)  makes responding more unpleasant

Question 20

After scrub jays were allowed to store worms and nuts in different locations,the scrub jays released after four hours flew to the worms,but did not fly to the worms if they are released five days later.This illustrates that the scrub jays

Accepted Answer

A)  had forgotten where they had hidden the worms after one day. 
B)  realized that the worms would be decayed after one day. 
C)  were not sensitive to a passage of time. 
D)  were "stuck in time."

Exam 6: B: Conditioning and Learning