Question 1

Learning that occurs without apparent reinforcement and is not revealed in performance when it occurs is referred to as

Accepted Answer

A)  insight learning. 
B)  classical conditioning. 
C)  spontaneous recovery. 
D)  latent learning. 
E)  shaping.

Question 2

Regarding Rescorla's views on classical conditioning,which of the following statements is FALSE?

Accepted Answer

A)  Rescorla believes that classical conditioning depends on how reliably the CS serves as a signal for indicating the occurrence of the US. 
B)  Rescorla believes that classical conditioning is the result of repeated pairings of NS and US. 
C)  Rescorla's perspective on classical conditioning can be described as cognitive. 
D)  Rescorla suggests that the more reliably the CS signals the occurrence of the US,the stronger the conditioned response. 
E)  Rescorla believed that classical conditioning has important survival implications for animals.

Question 3

In this type of schedule of reinforcement,a person receives reinforcement for different time periods,and the time periods are not always the same.

Accepted Answer

A)  fixed-interval 
B)  variable-interval 
C)  variable-ratio 
D)  fixed-ratio 
E)  continuous

Question 4

Advertising makes use of classical conditioning.For example,a product is presented along with some naturally appealing stimulus (e.g.,a physically attractive person).In this case,the product begins as the

Accepted Answer

A)  unconditioned stimulus. 
B)  neutral stimulus. 
C)  conditioned stimulus. 
D)  unconditioned response. 
E)  conditioned response.

Question 5

Shawn does extremely well on his spelling test in school.His father praises Shawn for this test score and tells him how smart he is,but he should be able to learn the next list of words even faster.Where giving praise is concerned,Shawn's Dad needs to know about the principle of

Accepted Answer

A)  "Be specific." 
B)  "Connect by making eye contact." 
C)  "Don't end on a sour note." 
D)  "Avoid empty flattery." 
E)  "Reward the effort,not the outcome."

Question 6

Increasing the number of pairings of the US and CS will

Accepted Answer

A)  weaken the CR. 
B)  strengthen the CR. 
C)  weaken the CR at first,and then strengthen it. 
D)  strengthen the CR at first,and then weaken it. 
E)  have no effect on the CR.

Question 7

What is Rosalie Rayner's role in the history of psychology?

Accepted Answer

A)  She was a student assistant who helped Pavlov with his experiments on classical conditioning in animals. 
B)  She was a colleague who helped Skinner with his experiments on operant conditioning in animals. 
C)  She developed a cognitive theory of classical conditioning. 
D)  She created the puzzle box used by Edward Thorndike. 
E)  She was a student assistant who helped Watson with his experiments on classical conditioning in humans.

Question 8

The systematic application of learning principles to help people overcome phobias is called ______ therapy.

Accepted Answer

A)  aversion 
B)  cognitive 
C)  conditioning 
D)  behavior 
E)  reexposure

Question 9

"When in Rome,do as the Romans do," underscores the importance of ______ in learning.

Accepted Answer

A)  modeling 
B)  latency 
C)  insight 
D)  shaping 
E)  reinforcement

Question 10

Who is most closely associated with the study of conditioned emotional reactions?

Accepted Answer

A)  John Watson 
B)  Ivan Pavlov 
C)  John Garcia 
D)  B.F.Skinner 
E)  Robert Rescorla

Question 11

Cassandra,a recovered alcoholic for 15 years,no longer has a physical addiction to alcohol.However,whenever she sees her old "drinking buddies," she begins to have cravings for alcohol.Cassandra's experience is an example of

Accepted Answer

A)  insight learning. 
B)  operant conditioning. 
C)  classical conditioning. 
D)  observational learning. 
E)  negative reinforcement.

Question 12

To achieve classical conditioning,you should pair

Accepted Answer

A)  a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus. 
B)  a conditioned stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus. 
C)  a neutral stimulus with a conditioned response. 
D)  a conditioned stimulus with a conditioned response. 
E)  an unconditioned stimulus with a conditioned response.

Question 13

Omar's parents have been trying to teach him their telephone number.He appears unable to recite it correctly.One day,he overhears his father mention that he would buy Omar a new toy if he could learn the number.Omar immediately blurts out the correct number.This demonstrates

Accepted Answer

A)  latent learning. 
B)  spontaneous recovery. 
C)  observational learning. 
D)  creativity. 
E)  insight learning.

Question 14

Every time her husband pays her a compliment,Sarah looks him in the eye and smiles at him.This is an example of

Accepted Answer

A)  negative reinforcement. 
B)  positive reinforcement. 
C)  primary reinforcement. 
D)  observational learning. 
E)  latent learning.

Question 15

A clear connection between a behavior and a reinforcement is referred to as

Accepted Answer

A)  a continuity. 
B)  a contingency. 
C)  a discriminative stimulus. 
D)  a reinforcement connection. 
E)  a primary connection.

Question 16

Through classical conditioning,Eduardo has developed a fear of dogs.However,he only fears large,longhaired dogs but not small,longhaired dogs or large,shorthaired dogs.Eduardo is demonstrating

Accepted Answer

A)  spontaneous recovery. 
B)  stimulus discrimination. 
C)  stimulus generalization. 
D)  latent learning. 
E)  extinction.

Question 17

Regarding characteristics that influence conditioned responses,which of the following statements is FALSE?

Accepted Answer

A)  In general,the more often the CS is paired with the US,the stronger the CR. 
B)  In general,the more often the CS is paired with the US,the more reliable the CR. 
C)  The strongest conditioned responses occur when the CS is presented first and remains present throughout the administration of the US. 
D)  A stronger US will typically lead to faster conditioning than a weaker one. 
E)  A single pairing of the CS and US cannot result in classical conditioning.

Question 18

Karen agrees to replace the toilet paper when it runs out if her roommate,Susan,will wash her dirty dishes every evening after dinner.This is an example of

Accepted Answer

A)  latent learning. 
B)  escape learning. 
C)  applying reinforcement. 
D)  giving praise. 
E)  contingency contracting.

Question 19

In Pavlov's studies of classical conditioning,the unconditioned stimulus was one that caused

Accepted Answer

A)  an unexpected response. 
B)  a controlled response. 
C)  an unlearned response or reflex. 
D)  a conditioned response or reflex. 
E)  a neutral response.

Question 20

Most psychologists define learning as

Accepted Answer

A)  any change in behavior. 
B)  any change in behavior due to maturation. 
C)  any change in behavior due to experience. 
D)  a relatively permanent change in behavior due to natural development. 
E)  a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience.

Exam 5: Learning