Question 1

Declarative knowledge is one of the two kinds of knowledge structures,which include

Accepted Answer

A) facts that can be stated. 
B) procedures that can be implemented. 
C) only knowledge that can be visually represented. 
D) only knowledge that cannot be mentally represented.

Question 2

The rotation heuristic states that people tend to represent

Accepted Answer

A) upside-down objects as right-side-up. 
B) slightly slanted objects as objects that rotate either horizontally or vertically. 
C) rotating objects as being still. 
D) slightly slanted objects as being more horizontal or more vertical than they really are.

Question 3

There are three types of knowledge (landmark,route-road,& survey)that are useful when developing and using one's cognitive map.Explain how one could make use of this information when learning a new city.Are there any individual differences that need to be taken into account?

Accepted Answer

The answer of There are three types of knowledge (landmark,route-road,&...

Question 4

According to Barbara Tversky's alignment heuristic,people tend to

Accepted Answer

A) resolve distortions in reality,representing landmarks as more unaligned than they appear in reality. 
B) distort their mental images to represent landmarks as better aligned than they are in reality. 
C) distort their mental images of the relative positions of landmarks to reflect their conceptual knowledge rather than the actual spatial configurations. 
D) represent shapes as being more symmetrical than they really are.

Question 5

This type of hint in experiments involving the reinterpretation of ambiguous figures involves showing participants a different ambiguous figure in which one had to realign the frame of reference.

Accepted Answer

A) implicit reference-frame hint 
B) attentional hint 
C) construals from "good" parts 
D) explicit reference-frame hint

Question 6

Attempt to pictorially represent the answer to the following question:
What does a shark look like?
Is drawing the answer to the question easier than answering the question in written format? Why?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Attempt to pictorially represent the answer to...

Question 7

Gazzaniga and Sperry have noted that lesions in particular areas of the left side of the brain seem to affect __________ functions,whereas lesions in certain areas of the right side of the brain seem to affect __________ functions.

Accepted Answer

A) symbol-manipulation;imagery-manipulation 
B) visual-perception;symbol-manipulation 
C) imagery-manipulation;symbol-manipulation 
D) heuristic;occipital

Question 8

This type of hint in experiments involving the reinterpretation of ambiguous figures involves directing participants to the region of the ambiguous figure when either the realignment or reconstruals are to occur.

Accepted Answer

A) implicit reference-frame hint 
B) attentional hint 
C) construals from "good" parts 
D) explicit reference-frame hint

Question 9

Abhilasha,an architect,often sees the town hall downtown.At her office,her employer shows her some blueprints for the building.First she examines a blueprint of the facade of the town hall.As she sees each successive blueprint showing the building from progressively different angles,she starts to have difficulty recognizing the building as the town hall.Abhilasha's difficulty is due to the fact that

Accepted Answer

A) as objects are rotated,it becomes increasingly difficult to identify the objects. 
B) for every decrease in the degree of rotation of an object,there is a corresponding increase in response time. 
C) for every increase in the degree of rotation of an object,there is a corresponding decrease in response time. 
D) large objects seen from different angles are harder to recognize.

Question 10

In a study on students' perceptions of world maps,Jukka Saarinen found that,in general,students drew maps reflecting all of the following characteristics except

Accepted Answer

A) a Eurocentric view of the world. 
B) a view centering on and highlighting the students' own countries. 
C) random distortions of the less well-known countries,but accurate perceptions of the sizes of the more well-known countries. 
D) modest distortions that enlarged the well-known countries and diminished the sizes of less well-known countries.

Question 11

This heuristic is influence by ones conceptual knowledge such that one's mental image is distorted and made to conform to one's expectation of the space versus the actual spatial configuration.

Accepted Answer

A) route-road knowledge 
B) relative-position heuristic 
C) symmetry heuristic 
D) right-angle bias

Question 12

Barbara Tversky believes that we may be able to create cognitive maps from __________,and that these cognitive maps may be just as accurate as those created from looking at a graphic map.

Accepted Answer

A) false descriptions 
B) holographic representations 
C) verbal descriptions 
D) auditory perceptions

Question 13

Many people suffering people spatial neglect also suffer from ____________ neglect - a tendency to ignore half of an imagined scene.

Accepted Answer

A) representational 
B) imaginarial 
C) visual 
D) unilateral visual

Question 14

Which of the following is true regarding gender differences in mental rotation ability?

Accepted Answer

A) Nearly all studies find females outperform males in mental rotation tasks. 
B) In young children,there are no gender differences in mental rotation performance. 
C) Mental rotation skills cannot be improved through practice or training. 
D) The same brain activation is seen in males and females during mental rotation tasks.

Question 15

After Margaret Intons-Peterson found that experimenter expectations affected the results of a study,__________ and __________ demonstrated that experimenter effects did not adequately explain their findings.

Accepted Answer

A) Kosslyn;Luria 
B) Gazzaniga;Sperry 
C) Kosslyn;Jolicoeur 
D) Jolicoeur;Corballis

Question 16

In considering Farah's studies of L.H. ,it might be said that our knowledge of object labels and attributes taps __________ knowledge about the objects,whereas our ability to manipulate the orientation or the size of images taps __________ knowledge of the objects.

Accepted Answer

A) imaginal;propositional 
B) propositional;analogue 
C) perceptual;analogue 
D) analogue;perceptual

Question 17

This type of hint in experiments involving the reinterpretation of ambiguous figures involves directing participants to realign their frame of reference.

Accepted Answer

A) implicit reference-frame hint 
B) attentional hint 
C) construals from "good" parts 
D) explicit reference-frame hint

Question 18

Martha Farah found that visual imagery and spatial imagery appear to be

Accepted Answer

A) merely parts of a dual-natured phenomenon. 
B) one and the same,and in effect,inseparable. 
C) separate subsystems of imagery representation. 
D) alike in their types of processing,but different in their forms of representation.

Question 19

This hypothesis proposes that although visual imagery is not identical to visual perception,they are strongly analogous to each other and can accomplish the same goals.

Accepted Answer

A) functional-equivalence hypothesis 
B) imagery-equivalency hypothesis 
C) analogous-operations hypothesis 
D) dual-code theory

Question 20

Johnson-Laird suggests that mental representations may take one of three forms.This particular form of representation is a very specific view of a particular object/environment such that many of the perceptual features are retained.

Accepted Answer

A) image 
B) explicit reference-frame 
C) mental model 
D) proposition

Exam 7: The Landscape of Memory: Mental Images, maps, and Propositions

Declarative knowledge is one of the two kinds of knowledge structures,which include

The rotation heuristic states that people tend to represent

There are three types of knowledge (landmark,route-road,& survey)that are useful when developing and using one's cognitive map.Explain how one could make use of this information when learning a new city.Are there any individual differences that need to be taken into account?

According to Barbara Tversky's alignment heuristic,people tend to

This type of hint in experiments involving the reinterpretation of ambiguous figures involves showing participants a different ambiguous figure in which one had to realign the frame of reference.

Attempt to pictorially represent the answer to the following question: What does a shark look like? Is drawing the answer to the question easier than answering the question in written format? Why?

Gazzaniga and Sperry have noted that lesions in particular areas of the left side of the brain seem to affect functions,whereas lesions in certain areas of the right side of the brain seem to affect functions.

This type of hint in experiments involving the reinterpretation of ambiguous figures involves directing participants to the region of the ambiguous figure when either the realignment or reconstruals are to occur.

In a study on students' perceptions of world maps,Jukka Saarinen found that,in general,students drew maps reflecting all of the following characteristics except

This heuristic is influence by ones conceptual knowledge such that one's mental image is distorted and made to conform to one's expectation of the space versus the actual spatial configuration.

Barbara Tversky believes that we may be able to create cognitive maps from __________,and that these cognitive maps may be just as accurate as those created from looking at a graphic map.

Many people suffering people spatial neglect also suffer from ____________ neglect - a tendency to ignore half of an imagined scene.

Which of the following is true regarding gender differences in mental rotation ability?

After Margaret Intons-Peterson found that experimenter expectations affected the results of a study, and demonstrated that experimenter effects did not adequately explain their findings.

In considering Farah's studies of L.H. ,it might be said that our knowledge of object labels and attributes taps knowledge about the objects,whereas our ability to manipulate the orientation or the size of images taps knowledge of the objects.

This type of hint in experiments involving the reinterpretation of ambiguous figures involves directing participants to realign their frame of reference.

Martha Farah found that visual imagery and spatial imagery appear to be

This hypothesis proposes that although visual imagery is not identical to visual perception,they are strongly analogous to each other and can accomplish the same goals.

Johnson-Laird suggests that mental representations may take one of three forms.This particular form of representation is a very specific view of a particular object/environment such that many of the perceptual features are retained.