Question 1

According to Michael Posner,__________ priming refers to priming in which a prior exposure to a word or other stimulus primes a subsequent retrieval of that information.

Accepted Answer

A) contextual 
B) semantic 
C) repetition 
D) exposure

Question 2

__________ processing refers to the means by which only one elementary information process is executed at any one time,and multiple processes are handled sequentially.

Accepted Answer

A) Parallel 
B) Serial 
C) Distributed 
D) Monotonic

Question 3

__________ are words such as bachelor that can be readily defined through defining features.

Accepted Answer

A) Fuzzy concepts 
B) Reference concepts 
C) Classical concepts 
D) Prototypes

Question 4

__________ knowledge refers to information regarding facts and ideas,which can be stated in terms of propositions (sometimes described as "knowing that").

Accepted Answer

A) Semantic 
B) Procedural 
C) Declarative 
D) Conceptual

Question 5

Your knowledge of how to ride a bicycle,how to write your signature,how to drive a car to a familiar location,and how to catch a ball all depend on your mental representation of what cognitive psychologists call __________ knowledge.

Accepted Answer

A) how-to 
B) executive 
C) declarative 
D) procedural

Question 6

__________ refers to the overall process by which we transform slow,explicit information about procedures ("knowing that")into speedy,implicit implementations of procedures ("knowing how").

Accepted Answer

A) Activation 
B) Implicitization 
C) Machination 
D) Proceduralization

Question 7

Which of the following is not a type of non-declarative knowledge in Larry Squire's theory?

Accepted Answer

A) episodic knowledge 
B) procedural knowledge 
C) classical and operant conditioning 
D) priming

Question 8

When shown a red,edible,roundish object,you would most probably call it an apple,rather than a delicious apple or a red delicious apple.This fact suggests that "apple" is __________ of the concept.

Accepted Answer

A) the basic level of specificity 
B) a defining feature 
C) a characteristic feature 
D) a deep characteristic

Question 9

The fundamental unit of symbolic knowledge is the __________,which may be organized into __________.

Accepted Answer

A) concept;schemas 
B) concept;hidden units 
C) node;schemas 
D) node;concepts

Question 10

According to Anderson (1980),while we are in the __________ stage for learning how to drive a standard-shift car,we have integrated all of the various rules (for stepping on the clutch,gas,or brake pedal,while also trying to shift gears)into a single,coordinated series of actions.

Accepted Answer

A) cognitive 
B) associative 
C) autonomous 
D) affective

Question 11

The __________ process refers to a process by which stimuli activate nodes within a network and activation causes connections between nodes to become active.

Accepted Answer

A) connected excitation 
B) connected activation 
C) spreading excitation 
D) spreading activation

Question 12

An example of a simple __________ for a pedestrian to cross the street at an intersection with a traffic light includes the person first having to test whether the light is red or green.If it is red,the person stops and again tests whether the light is still red.If it is green,the person starts moving.

Accepted Answer

A) production system 
B) procedural loop 
C) semantic cycle 
D) action-execution system

Question 13

When talking about concepts and categories,items such as airplanes,cars,and boats are examples of _____.

Accepted Answer

A) artifact categories 
B) classical concepts 
C) fuzzy concepts 
D) natural categories

Question 14

The labeled relationship of attributes,which connects "furry" to "mammal," establishes meaningful connections between

Accepted Answer

A) nodes. 
B) schema 
C) frames. 
D) scripts.

Question 15

According to the parallel distributed processing model proposed by McClelland and Rumelhart,whenever we use knowledge,we

Accepted Answer

A) change our representation of it. 
B) always arrive at a more efficient way of storing the knowledge. 
C) leave our representation of it unchanged. 
D) risk forgetting it.

Question 16

Ben's parents call to tell him they will be going to a fancy restaurant for dinner.Without any additional information,most people will assume that someone paid a tip to the waiter or waitress at dinner that night.The ability to fill in missing information (e.g. ,knowing that a tip was paid)is best explained by the use of

Accepted Answer

A) associations. 
B) schemas. 
C) semantics. 
D) concepts.

Question 17

If your car is veering toward the left side of the road,then you should steer toward the right side of the road.The "if" clause includes a set of conditions that must be met in order to implement the then clause.This is an example of __________,which are used in some computer simulations.

Accepted Answer

A) semantic simulations 
B) action rules 
C) declarative procedures 
D) production rules

Question 18

The fundamental unit of symbolic knowledge is typically viewed as

Accepted Answer

A) a concept. 
B) a word. 
C) a morpheme. 
D) a schema.

Question 19

In the parallel distributed processing model proposed by McClelland and Rumelhart,connections between units can possess varying degrees of __________ potential,even when the connections are currently inactive.

Accepted Answer

A) excitation but not inhibition 
B) inhibition but not excitation 
C) excitation or inhibition 
D) rest

Question 20

According to a semantic-network model,when we think about cats,the __________ for cats becomes __________.

Accepted Answer

A) network;activated 
B) frame;inhibited 
C) node;inhibited 
D) node;activated

Exam 8: The Organization of Knowledge in the Mind