Question 1

In one of Albert Bandura's Bobo doll studies,children observed a model behaving aggressively toward the Bobo doll without receiving any positive or negative consequences for the behavior.Later,when these children were given an opportunity to be with the Bobo doll,they tended to ____.

Accepted Answer

A) ignore the Bobo doll 
B) act aggressively toward the Bobo doll 
C) play happily with the Bobo doll 
D) show fear of the Bobo doll

Question 2

Pavlov's original experiment was an example of ____.

Accepted Answer

A) forward conditioning 
B) simultaneous conditioning 
C) backward conditioning 
D) over the hill conditioning

Question 3

The orienting reflex is useful because it ____.

Accepted Answer

A) has a self-protective function 
B) helps us ignore stimuli that are not important 
C) helps us focus for a sustained period of time on one task 
D) promotes risk-taking behavior

Question 4

In a continuous reinforcement schedule,____.

Accepted Answer

A) the behavior is exhibited constantly 
B) reinforcement is given constantly 
C) reinforcement is given every time the behavior is exhibited 
D) reinforcement is not given in response to the behavior every time, but according to some predictable schedule

Question 5

What is a step in Bandura's theory of the process involved in social learning?

Accepted Answer

A) reinforcement 
B) motivation 
C) validation 
D) punishment

Question 6

Terry is trying to study in the student center.At first,he finds it hard to concentrate because of all the noise and conversation going on around him.However,after a few minutes,Terry is able to tune out the noise and concentrate on his studies.Terry's experience is an example of what type of learning?

Accepted Answer

A) habituation 
B) sensitization 
C) restructuring 
D) social learning

Question 7

Aversion therapy to treat alcoholism is ____.

Accepted Answer

A) one of the most successful techniques developed for this problem 
B) only modestly successful 
C) successful only if the drinker has been drinking for many years 
D) not successful at all

Question 8

Lloyd's roommate,Don,classically conditioned Lloyd to cringe whenever Don opened a squeaky drawer by pairing a squeak with a ping pong ball to Lloyd's head.Lloyd wants to return the favor,so when Don is out,Lloyd discretely wires an electrode to the drawer handle to Don will be shocked when he touches it.Lloyd is using ____.

Accepted Answer

A) negative reinforcement 
B) positive reinforcement 
C) negative punishment 
D) positive punishment

Question 9

Sam recently lost his grandmother.Now Sam feels sad whenever he smells the perfume his beloved grandmother used to wear.In this example,the loss of his grandmother is the ____.

Accepted Answer

A) US 
B) CS 
C) UR 
D) CR

Question 10

John B.Watson was successful in conditioning ____ in "Little Albert."

Accepted Answer

A) fear 
B) hunger 
C) excitement 
D) anger

Question 11

What is an example of habituation?

Accepted Answer

A) learning to smoke cigarettes 
B) learning to ride a bike 
C) learning to ignore a barking dog 
D) learning to associate the smell of rose perfume with your grandmother

Question 12

If the desire is to create a response that is most highly resistant to extinction,a ____ schedule of reinforcement should be used.

Accepted Answer

A) fixed interval 
B) variable ratio 
C) fixed ratio 
D) continuous

Question 13

Chang gets paid a $50 bonus for every 100 pairs of shoes that he sells.Chang is being reinforced on a ____ schedule of reinforcement.

Accepted Answer

A) fixed ratio 
B) variable ratio 
C) fixed interval 
D) variable interval

Question 14

Negative reinforcement leads to ____.

Accepted Answer

A) a decrease in behavior 
B) modeling of aggression 
C) poor self-esteem 
D) an increase in behavior

Question 15

Recent research on the brain and habituation suggests habituation is somewhat primitive in nature.This research has found that which part of the brain is involved in certain instances of habituation?

Accepted Answer

A) medulla 
B) corpus callosum 
C) cerebellum 
D) prefrontal cortex

Question 16

Don wants to classically condition his roommate,Lloyd,to cringe whenever Don opens the squeaky drawer on his desk.To do this,Don decides to wait until his Lloyd is studying.Don will then open the drawer and then toss a ping-pong ball towards his roommates head.Don knows it is important to coordinate the squeaking from the drawer and tossing the ball so they are close together in time.Don is concerned about ____.

Accepted Answer

A) consequences 
B) contiguity 
C) contingency 
D) confluence

Question 17

Joseph tells his buddies at work a joke that makes fun of women.To his surprise,his friends scolded him.As a result,Joseph decides never again to tell a joke like that at work.Joseph's experience is an example of what type of consequence?

Accepted Answer

A) positive reinforcement 
B) negative reinforcement 
C) negative punishment 
D) positive punishment

Question 18

Little Albert learned to associate a ____.

Accepted Answer

A) white rat with a loud noise 
B) white rat with fear 
C) loud noise with fear 
D) loud noise with a hammer

Question 19

Which progression represents Bandura's four-step process in his social learning theory?

Accepted Answer

A) sensation, perception, reward, reproduction 
B) attention, retention, reproduction, motivation 
C) example, awareness, imitation, consequences 
D) modeling, internalization, connection, performance

Question 20

Classical conditioning is to ____ as operant conditioning is to ____.

Accepted Answer

A) association of stimuli; consequences of behavior 
B) reinforcement of responses; observation of models 
C) punishment; reinforcement 
D) shaping the environment; shaping the individual

Exam 6: Learning