Question 1

According to Reed in "Forest Development the Indian Way," Guaraní Indians subsist in the Amazon tropical forest largely by

Accepted Answer

A)   slash-and-burn farming.
B)   horticulture and foraging.
C)   foraging.
D)   rubber tree tapping. B

Question 2

In his article "Forest Development the Indian Way," Reed argues

Accepted Answer

A)   for government control of forest development that eases the Indians into the modern world economy gradually.
B)   for a sustainable development program that permits the collection and sale of forest products without destroying the original ecosystem.
C)   for an Indian relocation plan.
D)   for laws that require commercial lumber companies and ranchers to replant the forest and introduce a 40-year cutting and clearing cycle. B

Question 3

Which one of the following was not a consequence of outside development in the Guaraní tropical forests,according to Reed?

Accepted Answer

A)   The Indians who stayed on the land could no longer farm.
B)   The Guaraní could no longer practice successful horticulture.
C)   Disease and malnutrition increased.
D)   The Indians could no longer hunt and fish successfully. A

Question 4

According to Reed's "Forest Development the Indian Way," until the recent incursion of colonos (colonists,such as ranchers and farmers),Guaraní villagers

Accepted Answer

A)   had no contact with people in other parts of South America.
B)   traded with outsiders for machetes, hooks, soap, and salt.
C)   developed an indigenous market system that tied villages together.
D)   worked for decades as rubber tappers to augment their subsistence economy.

Question 5

The Chimanes Indians of Bolivia

Accepted Answer

A)   are self-sufficient in many ways but still need money for goods they cannot produce themselves.
B)   are nomadic and move about the forest to hunt and gather food.
C)   use an intricate system of logging roads and machinery to harvest tropical hardwood trees from the forest.
D)   are beginning to integrate more with their neighboring communities.

Question 6

According to Crate,the decline in hares,an important game species for the Sakha,cannot be attributed solely to the effects of climate change.What other reason does she cite for this change?

Accepted Answer

A)   more time and resources for the Sakha to hunt than during Soviet times
B)   the drying up of the land where hares typically nest
C)   improvements on traditional Sakha hunting ethics
D)   the use of better rifles

Question 7

According to Crate,the detailed and specific observations of people like the Viliui Sakha

Accepted Answer

A)   are important only to the people of northeastern Siberia.
B)   are not relevant to the global community and should not inform policy initiatives.
C)   contribute important information about the local effects of global climate change.
D)   demonstrate that global climate change is not affecting the Republic of Sakha.

Question 8

The fact that a tourist sees scenic mountains and valleys when viewing a high pass in the Rocky Mountains,whereas a geologist sees cirque basins,U-shaped valleys,and paternoster streams,illustrates the concept of

Accepted Answer

A)   cultural ecology.
B)   physical environment.
C)   cultural environment.
D)   scientific impartiality.

Question 9

According to Part 3 of Conformity and Conflict,the relationship of an organism to other elements within its environmental sphere is called

Accepted Answer

A)   ecology.
B)   cultural ecology.
C)   the cultural environment.
D)   biointeraction.

Question 10

The world that people can experience with their senses is called

Accepted Answer

A)   ecology.
B)   cultural ecology.
C)   physical environment.
D)   cultural environment.

Question 11

The study of how people use their culture to adapt to particular environments is called

Accepted Answer

A)   ecology.
B)   cultural ecology.
C)   environmental determinism.
D)   physical ecology.

Question 12

For the most part,cuartoneros illegally harvest mahogany because

Accepted Answer

A)   the work is easy and brings great monetary reward for little effort.
B)   the mahogany trees are easy to find in the remote areas of the Chimanes forest.
C)   there are few other opportunities for the indigenous people to earn money or work off debt.
D)   legal logging companies are not interested in logging mahogany and so offer no competition.

Question 13

The Viliui Sakha developed a belief system that helped them understand and interact with the very extreme environment of Siberia.One example of this system is represented by

Accepted Answer

A)   The creation of a buulus to store meat, milk products, and ice.
B)   The shaman who communicates with the abaahi (evil spirits)  of the underworld during times of crisis and the Bull of Winter.
C)   Black shamans traveling to the sky realms.
D)   White shamans traveling to middle earth.

Question 14

According to Crate,which of the following is a change to which the Sakha were forced to adapt at the turn of the 21st century?

Accepted Answer

A)   a subtle and gradual, increasing change in the cycles and patterns of weather and climate
B)   Soviet-era industrialization in the form of diamond mining
C)   annexation of land by colonizers
D)   land changes resulting from the fall of the Soviet Union

Question 15

According to Richard Lee,in 1963 !Kung men

Accepted Answer

A)   supplied between 20 and 40 percent of the calories consumed by members of a camp.
B)   hunted almost every day to bag sufficient food for people's daily needs.
C)   collected approximately 70 percent of the edible vegetable foods.
D)   began hunting regularly before they were 10 years old.

Question 16

In "Forest Development the Indian Way," Reed argues that,for the Guaraní,__________ was essential to subsistence.

Accepted Answer

A)   farming
B)   foraging
C)   the combination of hunting and gathering
D)   the combination of farming and foraging

Question 17

Crate's "knowledge exchanges" that followed her research were a great success.Which of the following was not one of the goals of these exchanges?

Accepted Answer

A)   Add local knowledge to the scientific understanding of climate change.
B)   Share scientific knowledge with locals to help explain the changes they are experiencing.
C)   Dispute the argument that global climate change exists.
D)   Inform policy communities about how climate change is affecting local communities.

Question 18

Slash-and-burn agriculture would best be classified as which kind of the following adaptive strategies?

Accepted Answer

A)   horticulture
B)   agriculture
C)   pastoralism
D)   industrialism

Question 19

Cuartoneros cut the planchones,relay them to the nearest river,and then tie them into

Accepted Answer

A)   cayapos and float them down the river to San Borja.
B)   oxcarts for transport out of the forest.
C)   lomeros in preparation for transport down river.
D)   bundles that are then carried out on logging roads.

Question 20

The logging policies established by the Bolivian government for the area in and around the Chimanes forest

Accepted Answer

A)   are sensible and workable.
B)   will probably eventually lead to the forest's destruction.
C)   adequately meet the high worldwide demand for quality tropical hardwood.
D)   encourage small lumber mills to work only with legal logging companies to harvest tropical hardwood.

Exam 3: Ecology and Subsistence