Question 1

Shaw and McKay found that delinquency was tied to _____

Accepted Answer

A)  Personal characteristics of the residents
B)  Culture of the residents
C)  Community organization
D)  Neighborhood characteristics D

Question 2

Sykes and Matza suggest that juveniles develop a distinct set of justifications for their deviant behavior referred to as _________.

Accepted Answer

Techniques of neutralization

Question 3

Discuss the "culture of poverty" and "underclass".Explain how these concepts place children and adults "at-risk".

Accepted Answer

-Sociologist Oscar Lewis coined the phrase "culture of poverty" to describe this condition. Apathy, cynicism, helplessness, and mistrust of social institutions such as schools, government agencies, and the police mark the culture of poverty.
-This mistrust prevents members of the lower class from taking advantage of the meager opportunities available to them. Lewis's work was the first of a group that described the plight of at-risk children and adults.
-Economic disparity will continually haunt members of the underclass and their children over the course of their lifespan. Even if they value education and other middle-class norms, their desperate life circumstances (e.g., high unemployment and nontraditional family structures) may prevent them from developing the skills, habits, and lifestyles that lead first to educational success and later to success in the workplace.
- Their ability to maintain social ties in the neighborhood become weak and attenuated, further weakening a neighborhood's cohesiveness and its ability to regulate the behavior of its citizens.
-Student responses will vary, but should include a discussion on "at-risk"

Question 4

_____ theorists maintain that all people have the potential to violate the law and that modern society presents many opportunities for illegal activity.

Accepted Answer

A)  Social learning
B)  Social control
C)  Social structure
D)  Cultural deviance

Question 5

According to Miller, clinging to lower-class _______________ promotes illegal or violent
behavior.

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to Miller, clinging to lower-class _______________...

Question 6

Economic disparity will continually haunt members of the _____ and their children over
the course of their lifespan.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Economic disparity will continually haunt members of...

Question 7

A concept through which youth are able to utilize their wits to avoid violent confrontation
And feel safe is known as _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  Siege mentality
B)  Conformity
C)  Street efficacy
D)  Retreatism

Question 8

Robert Merton found that _____ results if there is a dissonance between goals and the
means to achieve the goals.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Robert Merton found that _____ results if...

Question 9

Which of the following is not one of the three branches of social structure theory?

Accepted Answer

A)  Social disorganization theory
B)  Cultural deviance theories
C)  Strain theory
D)  Social process theories

Question 10

According to William Julius Wilson, those people who are left out of the economic mainstream and reduced to living in the most deteriorated inner-city areas are called the _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  Truly disadvantaged
B)  Forever poor
C)  Upper crust
D)  Hidden population

Question 11

The idea that youths move in and out of delinquency and that their lifestyles can embrace
Both conventional and deviant values is referred to as _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  Hypocrisy
B)  Drift
C)  Differential association
D)  Rebellion

Question 12

_____ theories hold that delinquency is a function of a person's economic status.

Accepted Answer

A)  Social process
B)  Social control
C)  Social Structure
D)  Cultural deviance

Question 13

Explain Merton's four modes of adaptation.Do you agree or disagree with this theory? Explain why or why not.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Explain Merton's four modes of adaptation.Do you...

Question 14

Agnew suggests that delinquency is the direct result of the anger, frustration, and
Adverse emotions that youth feel in the wake of negative and destructive social relations.Agnew refers to these feelings as _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  Strain
B)  Focal concerns
C)  Peer pressure
D)  Negative affective states

Question 15

According to Cohen, _____ is a form of culture conflict experienced by lower-class youths because social conditions prevent them from achieving success as defined by the larger society.

Accepted Answer

A)  Status frustration
B)  Low self-control
C)  Collective efficacy
D)  Differential association

Question 16

The centerpiece of the Cloward and Ohlin theory is the concept of _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  Collective efficacy
B)  Cultural transmission
C)  Differential opportunity
D)  Status frustration

Question 17

The theory of the culture of poverty is the view that lower-class people form a separate culture with their own values and norms, which are sometimes in conflict with conventional society.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 18

Explain the four elements of socialization that have been linked to delinquency.If you were to rank order the elements, how would that look? Explain why you chose this order.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Explain the four elements of socialization that...

Question 19

According to social process theories, delinquency is a function of socialization.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 20

The ability of communities to regulate the behavior of their residents through the influence of community institutions, such as the family and school, is called_____.

Accepted Answer

A)  Social disorganization
B)  Collective efficacy
C)  Group cohesiveness
D)  Innovation

Exam 4: Structure, Process, Culture, and Delinquency