Question 1

Teachers in second grade or beyond should adjust their teaching in non-math subjects to emphasize

Accepted Answer

A) memorization of verbatim factual knowledge. 
B) broad impressions instead of verbatim facts. 
C) fuzzy furry animals instead of hairless species. 
D) tactics to reverse the harms of utilization deficiency.

Question 2

Being an expert on a particular topic of knowledge

Accepted Answer

A) provides schemes that speed further learning. 
B) diminishes the child's interest in doing more learning. 
C) impedes further learning due to the confusion of old vs. new knowledge. 
D) speeds further learning for girls but not for boys.

Question 3

Explain what memory span refers to, and provide the typical memory span found in preschool children and in grade-school children.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Explain what memory span refers to, and...

Question 4

Preschoolers are told about Ellie the elephant, who was given an allowance but then forgot how to spend it. Ellie displayed a (n) ____ deficiency.

Accepted Answer

A) production 
B) utilization 
C) autobiographical memory 
D) working memory capacity

Question 5

Small children are prone to which deficiencies in applying strategies?

Accepted Answer

A) Deficiencies in neither production nor utilization 
B) Deficiencies in production but not in utilization 
C) Deficiencies in utilization but not in production 
D) Deficiencies in both production and utilization

Question 6

Parents assist their children to recall events from shared family experiences such as visits to theme parks. Co-recollection by parents illustrates

Accepted Answer

A) Freud's theory of memory repression. 
B) Rogoff's principle of guided participation. 
C) Skinner's behavioral principle of negative reinforcement. 
D) Piaget's principle of egocentric speech.

Question 7

Before speaking to her teacher about a sensitive issue, a first-grader thinks about what to say. This is an example of

Accepted Answer

A) implicit cognition. 
B) explicit cognition. 
C) a cardinalized script. 
D) a reduced attention span.

Question 8

Age-related improvements in ____ are so reliable that this skill is among those that are assessed in children's intelligence tests.

Accepted Answer

A) attention-deficit hyperactivity 
B) perception of cardinality 
C) memory rehearsal 
D) memory span

Question 9

Regarding learning/memory strategies, PRODUCTION is to UTILIZATION as ____ is to ____.

Accepted Answer

A) MOVEMENT :: IDEA 
B) GENERATE :: APPLY 
C) DESTINY :: CHOICE 
D) CUED RECALL :: FREE RECALL

Question 10

Miller and Weiss showed that young children first develop attentional skill to apply in tasks of incidental learning by

Accepted Answer

A) ignoring irrelevant stimuli. 
B) looking at and labeling relevant stimuli. 
C) attending selectively to relevant stimuli. 
D) rearranging stimuli into memorable sequences.

Question 11

Mr. Phiri watches his students while they memorize 20 items that he placed on a table. He notices that students are rehearsing small groups of items' names, not just single items. His class is of

Accepted Answer

A) older infants in daycare. 
B) preschoolers. 
C) grade-school children. 
D) seventh-graders.

Question 12

The slogan, "The mind has a mind of its own," means that

Accepted Answer

A) parental influence is a delusional self-deception. 
B) thoughts can happen even without the person's volition. 
C) multiple-personality disorder occurs in most humans. 
D) some children have been reincarnated from a past life.

Question 13

Theorists such as Kipp and Bjorklund have claimed that inhibitory processes are needed so that the child

Accepted Answer

A) avoids suffering the aftereffects of infantile amnesia. 
B) can suppress task-irrelevant distracting thoughts. 
C) may balance explicit and implicit cognitions. 
D) will remain passively attentive to teaching.

Question 14

Mnemonics are

Accepted Answer

A) free-floating gists that randomly attach to ideas. 
B) strategies to improve one's memory. 
C) details of infancy, even of birth, that escaped from the debilitating effects of infantile amnesia. 
D) metacognitive thoughts that are totally self-focused.

Question 15

Most adults are unable to remember life events that happened before the early age of about ____ years.

Accepted Answer

A) three 
B) four 
C) five 
D) seven

Question 16

Andrea was playing a party game where a tray of objects is displayed for a minute and then covered with a cloth while the players write down as many objects as they can remember. Andrea first wrote down that there was a plum, an apple, and a banana on the tray. The next three items she listed were a knife, a fork, and a spoon. Finally, she wrote down that there was a crayon, a pencil, and a magic marker on the tray. She relied on the memory strategy known as

Accepted Answer

A) elaboration. 
B) semantic organization. 
C) decomposition. 
D) cued recall.

Question 17

According to the information-processing perspective, the child exerts voluntary control most directly over

Accepted Answer

A) the sensory store. 
B) the short-term store. 
C) the environmental input. 
D) executive function.

Question 18

Research on metacognition reveals children are

Accepted Answer

A) active in their development. 
B) passive in their development. 
C) qualitatively changing in stages. 
D) quantitatively changing in stages.

Question 19

Regrouping items to be memorized into groups according to similarities of meaning is called

Accepted Answer

A) groupification. 
B) script formation. 
C) semantic organization. 
D) retention assistance training.

Question 20

The ability to apply semantic organization as a memory strategy emerges in children at about the age of

Accepted Answer

A) three. 
B) six. 
C) nine. 
D) 12.

Exam 7: Cognitive Development: Information-Processing Perspectives