All of the Following Statements About Means-Ends Chains Are True

Multiple Choice

All of the following statements about means-ends chains are true EXCEPT:

A) means-end chains are unique to each consumer's background and personal interests.
B) consumers' meanings for a product can be quite different from those of a marketing manager.
C) not every means-end chain leads to a value.
D) actual means-end chains vary considerably in the meanings they contain.
E) the actual product knowledge in consumers' means-end chains must necessarily contain each of the four levels of product meaning of the idealized means-end chain model.