Question 1

Appropriate goal-oriented behavior is typically described as stimulus-driven.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 2

You have just been introduced to two people, one of whom suffers from a frontal lobe syndrome and the other from visual agnosia. However, you do not know which person is which. Describe some questions or tasks that you could use to determine which person has the frontal lobe syndrome and which one has visual agnosia.

Accepted Answer

The answer of You have just been introduced to two...

Question 3

In what ways might we consider drug addiction to be an issue of cognitive control? In what ways might this characterization be problematic? What result would you expect to find if you extended cognitive control experiments to people who chronically use drugs?

Accepted Answer

The answer of In what ways might we consider drug...

Question 4

The idea that the prefrontal cortex filters out and inhibits irrelevant information is supported by the ERP findings of Knight and Grabowecky (1995), who found that patients with prefrontal lesions produced ________ in response to ignored tones during a listening task.

Accepted Answer

A) smaller evoked potentials 
B) larger evoked potentials 
C) evoked potentials that were longer in duration 
D) evoked potentials that were briefer in duration

Question 5

In a stop-signal task, participants are asked to

Accepted Answer

A) choose between two responses but abort their response when signaled to do so. 
B) identify the color (red, yellow, or green) in which color words have been written. 
C) sort cards into piles but change the sorting rule when the stop signal appears. 
D) drive a virtual car through crowded London streets, obeying all traffic signals.

Question 6

What anatomical gradients have been proposed to account for frontal-lobe function?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What anatomical gradients have been proposed to...

Question 7

Which patient group is most likely to be impaired on a task in which one must decide which of two pictures was seen most recently?

Accepted Answer

A) patients with frontal lobe injuries 
B) patients with temporal lobe injuries 
C) patients with parietal lobe injuries 
D) patients with occipital lobe injuries

Question 8

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is sometimes thought of as being associated with cognitive control deficits. Which piece of evidence best supports this?

Accepted Answer

A) ADHD stimulant medications have a particularly high affinity for frontal lobe structures involved in cognitive control. 
B) ADHD stimulant medications work by increasing attentional selection, which facilitates cognitive control. 
C) Attention and cognitive control are more or less synonymous. 
D) The interplay between attention and cognitive control is much stronger in children with ADHD than in children who do not have ADHD.

Question 9

Cognitive control is NOT involved in which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A) goal-oriented behavior 
B) decision making 
C) cognitive flexibility 
D) implicit memory

Question 10

People with frontal lobe injuries and control participants were asked to figure out a way to clean a floor when there are no towels. Which of the following statements would be associated with frontal lobe patients and not controls?

Accepted Answer

A) "The floor is dirty." 
B) "Just take your blouse off and clean it with that." 
C) "We can clean the floor with the soles of our shoes." 
D) "We need a cloth or paper to clean the floor."

Question 11

Action-outcome decisions involve a more ________ form of processing, whereas stimulus-response decisions are more ________.

Accepted Answer

A) habitual; automatic 
B) automatic; controlled 
C) controlled; automatic 
D) None of the answer options is correct.

Question 12

The lateral prefrontal cortex is important for working memory tasks.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 13

A person who has difficulty with "recency memory" tasks would have the most difficulty with which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A) remembering a list of items to purchase at the market 
B) setting a table with forks, knives, and spoons 
C) recognizing the difference between two similar ingredients 
D) entering the ingredients for a recipe in the correct order

Question 14

Focal injuries of the prefrontal cortex generally produce all of the following cognitive changes or symptoms EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

A) deficits in planning complex behaviors. 
B) perseveration in responding. 
C) fluent aphasia. 
D) disruption of working memory.

Question 15

Prefrontal areas are likely a temporary repository for representations accessed from other neural sites.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 16

Cognitive control is often associated with

Accepted Answer

A) goal-oriented behavior. 
B) decision making. 
C) cognitive flexibility. 
D) All of the answer options are correct.

Question 17

The statement "ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny" is discussed in multiple places in this chapter. Which of the following, if true, would be inconsistent with that statement?

Accepted Answer

A) Squirrel monkeys and dogs tend to exhibit poorer cognitive control than chimpanzees. 
B) The frontal lobes of dogs are fully developed within their first 2 years of life. 
C) The frontal lobes of chimpanzees become fully developed at a younger age than the frontal lobes of squirrel monkeys or dogs. 
D) Humans exhibit better cognitive control than chimpanzees, but our frontal lobes take longer to develop.

Question 18

One conceptualization of the prefrontal cortex, offered by Shimamura (2000), which could explain the seemingly disparate set of impairments associated with damage to this area, is that

Accepted Answer

A) one underlying function of the prefrontal lobes is to select the information that is most task-relevant. 
B) separate regions within the prefrontal cortex are specialized for these different functions. 
C) the prefrontal cortex is not directly involved in memory but is a relay station for information processing that occurs in the temporal lobes. 
D) information in the prefrontal cortex is temporarily represented in other neural sites, including the basal ganglia, during working memory.

Question 19

Which of the following findings, if true, would best argue in favor of the parallel processing model of multi-tasking, as opposed to the task-switching model?

Accepted Answer

A) Participants' performance in the dual task condition improved dramatically over time with practice. 
B) Brain activity increased throughout frontal cortex in the dual task condition with practice. 
C) Frontal connectivity between brain areas involved in each task increased with time and practice. 
D) Participants' improvements over time in the dual task condition were highly correlated with their improvements on each individual task.

Question 20

In general, increased activity in the anterior cingulate cortex has been observed when participants perform tasks that have any of the following properties EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

A) The task requires planning and decision making. 
B) The task involves well-learned or automatic responses. 
C) The task is likely to require error correction. 
D) The task requires a response that competes with another strong habitual response.

Exam 12: Cognitive Control

Appropriate goal-oriented behavior is typically described as stimulus-driven.

In what ways might we consider drug addiction to be an issue of cognitive control? In what ways might this characterization be problematic? What result would you expect to find if you extended cognitive control experiments to people who chronically use drugs?

The idea that the prefrontal cortex filters out and inhibits irrelevant information is supported by the ERP findings of Knight and Grabowecky (1995) , who found that patients with prefrontal lesions produced ________ in response to ignored tones during a listening task.

In a stop-signal task, participants are asked to

What anatomical gradients have been proposed to account for frontal-lobe function?

Which patient group is most likely to be impaired on a task in which one must decide which of two pictures was seen most recently?

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is sometimes thought of as being associated with cognitive control deficits. Which piece of evidence best supports this?

Cognitive control is NOT involved in which of the following?

People with frontal lobe injuries and control participants were asked to figure out a way to clean a floor when there are no towels. Which of the following statements would be associated with frontal lobe patients and not controls?

Action-outcome decisions involve a more form of processing, whereas stimulus-response decisions are more .

The lateral prefrontal cortex is important for working memory tasks.

A person who has difficulty with "recency memory" tasks would have the most difficulty with which of the following?

Focal injuries of the prefrontal cortex generally produce all of the following cognitive changes or symptoms EXCEPT

Prefrontal areas are likely a temporary repository for representations accessed from other neural sites.

Cognitive control is often associated with

The statement "ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny" is discussed in multiple places in this chapter. Which of the following, if true, would be inconsistent with that statement?

One conceptualization of the prefrontal cortex, offered by Shimamura (2000) , which could explain the seemingly disparate set of impairments associated with damage to this area, is that

Which of the following findings, if true, would best argue in favor of the parallel processing model of multi-tasking, as opposed to the task-switching model?

In general, increased activity in the anterior cingulate cortex has been observed when participants perform tasks that have any of the following properties EXCEPT: