Question 1

When Alaina is working on her bicycle, she brings her entire tool kit out on the driveway and starts pulling wrenches from the tool kit at random, trying them until she finds one that fits. What type of approach is Alaina using?

Accepted Answer

A) alternate outcomes analysis 
B) working backward 
C) forming subgoals 
D) trial and error

Question 2

What type of problem are you solving if you reorganize the letters "OSHOT" to form an English word?

Accepted Answer

A) lexical analysis 
B) inducing structure 
C) arrangement 
D) transformation

Question 3

What occurs when the word "able" is changed to the word "table"?

Accepted Answer

A) The number of phonemes and morphemes both increase. 
B) The number of phonemes decrease, but the number of morphemes increase. 
C) The number of phonemes stay the same, but the number of morphemes increase. 
D) The number of phonemes increase, but the number of morphemes stay the same.

Question 4

When are people much more likely to take risks, according to Kahneman and Tversky?

Accepted Answer

A) when they are seeking to avoid losses 
B) when the issue is framed in terms of probability of success 
C) when the probability of success is equal to the probability of failure 
D) when they are not asked to provide rationales for their choices

Question 5

What is subjective utility?

Accepted Answer

A) an individual's willingness to take risks 
B) a personal estimate of what the probability of an outcome is 
C) the expected value of an outcome 
D) what an outcome is personally worth to an individual

Question 6

Which of the following words has the same number of morphemes as the word 'unbeliever'?

Accepted Answer

A) triangle 
B) silly 
C) privilege 
D) resented

Question 7

Which of your text's unifying themes is illustrated by interactionist theories of language development?

Accepted Answer

A) Our experience of the world is highly subjective. 
B) Psychology evolves in a sociohistorical context. 
C) Heredity and environment jointly influence behaviour. 
D) Psychology is empirical.

Question 8

Car A has good mileage, a low price, and low maintenance, or three pluses. Car B has only a low price and low maintenance, or two pluses. So, I'll choose Car A. What does this example illustrate?

Accepted Answer

A) elimination by aspects 
B) weighted additive strategy 
C) field-dependent decision strategy 
D) purely additive strategy

Question 9

Anika has just started to understand the idea that events can happen in the future. Now, when she talks about things she is going to do tomorrow or next week, she uses the future tense, rather than the present tense. Which theory would be supported by this development in Anika's language skills?

Accepted Answer

A) linguistic relativity 
B) nativist 
C) cognitive 
D) behavioural

Question 10

Which of the following statements is least accurate?

Accepted Answer

A) Overregularizations occur only in English, which has numerous irregular verbs. 
B) Overregularizations are more common in children's comprehension of words than in their production of words. 
C) Overregularizations decline when school-age children are formally taught subtle exceptions to grammatical rules. 
D) Overregularizations reflect the fact that children do not acquire the rules of grammar in a single leap.

Question 11

What is predicted by the linguistic relativity hypothesis?

Accepted Answer

A) People in all cultures think alike, despite their language differences. 
B) Language development consistently lags behind cognitive development. 
C) Language and thought develop independently. 
D) People will have difficulty thinking about things they cannot describe in words.

Question 12

You flip a fair coin ten times. Each time it comes up heads you get 10 cents. Each time it comes up tails you lose 5 cents. What is your expected value for each flip of the coin?

Accepted Answer

A) -5 cents 
B) +5 cents 
C) -10 cents 
D) +10 cents

Question 13

What is functional fixedness?

Accepted Answer

A) the inability to discover the relations among the parts of a problem 
B) the sudden discovery of the correct solution following incorrect attempts based primarily on trial and error 
C) the inability to carry out a sequence of transformations in order to reach a specific goal 
D) the tendency to perceive an item only in terms of its most common use

Question 14

During the 1950s and 1960s, creative new ways of measuring mental processes paved the way for the cognitive revolution. Which of your text's unifying themes does the development of new research methods helps to illustrate?

Accepted Answer

A) Our experience of the world is highly subjective. 
B) Psychology is theoretically diverse. 
C) Behaviour is determined by multiple causes. 
D) Psychology is empirical.

Question 15

Vivian has forgotten the last digit of her locker combination. She carefully tries every number in order until she finds the one that works. What is Vivian using in this case?

Accepted Answer

A) functional fixedness 
B) an algorithm 
C) framing 
D) a heuristic

Question 16

Two-year-old Owen rushes into the kitchen and tells his sister: "Baby throw. Baby bad." He wants her to know that his baby brother is bad because he just threw his toys on the floor. What does Owen's communication illustrate?

Accepted Answer

A) overregularization 
B) underextension 
C) semantic slanting 
D) telegraphic speech

Question 17

What do social communication theorists emphasize about interpersonal communication?

Accepted Answer

A) problem-solving aspects 
B) functional value 
C) linguistic relativity 
D) interaction between surface and deep structure

Question 18

Overextensions are more common in children's production of words than in their comprehension of words. What does this imply about the use of overextensions?

Accepted Answer

A) Toddlers cannot yet combine words into sentences. 
B) Children's vocabulary growth occurs at a very rapid pace. 
C) Toddlers must rely on a very limited vocabulary to express themselves. 
D) Toddlers can't consistently identify objects to which different words apply.

Question 19

According to Pinker and Bloom, how many generations would it have taken for Neanderthals to become extinct if the acquisition of language produced a 1percent difference in mortality rates among overlapping Neanderthal and human populations?

Accepted Answer

A) 4000 generations 
B) 30 generations 
C) 10 generations 
D) 30 000 generations

Question 20

Why was the study of cognition discouraged during the first half of the 20th century?

Accepted Answer

A) Cognition was not considered to be a psychological function. 
B) Earlier studies using the method of introspection had yielded unreliable results. 
C) Psychodynamic theories were too dominant in the field. 
D) Language acquisition was viewed as an innate process that could not be studied empirically.

Exam 8: A: Language and Thought