Question 1

A political candidate uses a negative campaign commercial in which the candidate's opponent is shown alongside a negative image of an angry mob.The intent of the commercial is to cause voters to

Accepted Answer

A)  have an accurate contrast between the candidate and the opponent. 
B)  realize the opponent was the individual who angered the mob in the first place. 
C)  associate the opponent with a negative emotional response. 
D)  associate positive emotional responses with the candidate who sponsored the commercial.

Question 2

The basic principles of gradual acquisition,extinction,stimulus generalization,and discrimination apply

Accepted Answer

A)  to both classical and operant conditioning. 
B)  only to classical conditioning. 
C)  only to operant conditioning. 
D)  to learning by animals, but not to learning by people.

Question 3

Nate is watching the cumulative recorder that is connected to a box where a rat is pressing a lever to receive food reinforcement.The slope of the line is becoming flatter and flatter over time.Based on this output,Nate can conclude that the rat's response rate

Accepted Answer

A)  is increasing over time. 
B)  will soon show spontaneous recovery. 
C)  is decreasing over time. 
D)  is caused by inadequate stimulus generalization.

Question 4

Pat takes a prescription medication in order to reduce pain and Kelly takes the same medication in order to experience a "drug high." Pat's behavior is reinforced by ____ reinforcement and Kelly's behavior by ____ reinforcement.

Accepted Answer

A)  negative; positive 
B)  positive; negative 
C)  positive; positive 
D)  negative; negative

Question 5

Maxwell runs a lawn care service and he charges his clients based on the square footage of their yard,rather than charging an hourly rate for his services.In this example,Maxwell is working on

Accepted Answer

A)  a fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement. 
B)  a fixed-interval schedule of reinforcement. 
C)  a variable-ratio schedule of reinforcement. 
D)  a variable-interval schedule of reinforcement.

Question 6

When gathering baseline data for a behavior modification program,all of the following are necessary EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

A)  monitoring the antecedents of the target behavior. 
B)  monitoring the consequences of the target behavior. 
C)  determining the initial frequency of the target behavior. 
D)  determining how you can reduce the frequency of the target behavior.

Question 7

In Pavlov's principle experiment,if a dog salivates after hearing a tone the salivation would be the

Accepted Answer

A)  conditioned response. 
B)  conditioned stimulus. 
C)  unconditioned stimulus. 
D)  unconditioned response.

Question 8

Learning that is not apparent from behavior when it first occurs is known as

Accepted Answer

A)  insight learning. 
B)  latent learning. 
C)  classical conditioning. 
D)  operant conditioning.

Question 9

If you devise a self-modification program in which you systematically reward yourself for studying,you are applying the principles of

Accepted Answer

A)  classical conditioning. 
B)  operant conditioning. 
C)  observational learning. 
D)  Pavlovian conditioning.

Question 10

A rat learns to press a bar to turn off an electric shock.This is an example of

Accepted Answer

A)  escape learning. 
B)  avoidance learning. 
C)  an unconditioned response. 
D)  positive reinforcement.

Question 11

Briefly describe observational learning,and explain how it relates to classical and operant conditioning.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Briefly describe observational learning,and explain how it...

Question 12

Which of the following is NOT an example of a secondary reinforcer?

Accepted Answer

A)  approval 
B)  a toy for a child 
C)  food 
D)  money

Question 13

The existence of biological constraints on learning such as preparedness and conditioned taste aversions reflects the unifying theme in psychology that

Accepted Answer

A)  psychology is theoretically diverse. 
B)  our behavior is shaped by our cultural heritage. 
C)  heredity and environment jointly influence behavior. 
D)  psychology is empirical.

Question 14

While out trick-or-treating for Halloween,at first Billy's neighbors had to remind him to say "trick or treat" before they dropped their treats into his bag.As he continued to visit houses in the neighborhood,soon Billy would say "trick or treat" as soon as the neighbors answered the door.The treats he received were the ____ for his saying "trick or treat".

Accepted Answer

A)  conditioned stimulus 
B)  reinforcement 
C)  reward 
D)  discriminative stimulus

Question 15

When Diana was three years old,she became terrified when the neighbor's budgie bird kept flying near her head.Today she is afraid of all birds,including robins,pigeons,and blue jays.Diana's fear illustrates the classical conditioning process of

Accepted Answer

A)  preparedness. 
B)  stimulus generalization. 
C)  stimulus discrimination. 
D)  negative avoidance.

Question 16

Which of the following statements regarding stimulus generalization and stimulus discrimination is correct?

Accepted Answer

A)  the more similar the new stimulus is to the original CS, the greater the likelihood of stimulus discrimination 
B)  the more dissimilar the new stimulus is from the original CS, the greater the likelihood of stimulus generalization 
C)  for stimulus discrimination to occur, the organism needs experience with both the original CS and the new stimulus 
D)  for stimulus generalization to occur, the organism needs experience with both the original CS and the new stimulus

Question 17

When an individual has a phobia,the irrational fear and anxiety that the person experiences is

Accepted Answer

A)  a conditioned response. 
B)  an unconditioned response. 
C)  a conditioned stimulus. 
D)  an unconditioned stimulus.

Question 18

A woman reported feeling "weak in the knees" whenever she smelled cigarette smoke and Beemans gum because of the association of these smells with her first love.In this example,the combined smell of cigarettes and Beemans gum would be

Accepted Answer