Question 1

Compare the methods used in single-subject and group experimental designs to ensure internal validity and external validity of the research.

Accepted Answer

Single-subject and group experimental designs have different methods to ensure internal and external validity in research.

In single-subject experimental designs, researchers use methods such as baseline measurements, repeated measures, and replication to ensure internal validity. Baseline measurements are taken before the intervention to establish a stable level of the behavior or outcome being studied. Repeated measures involve collecting data multiple times throughout the study to ensure that any changes observed are due to the intervention and not other factors. Replication involves conducting the study with multiple participants to ensure that the results are consistent across individuals.

In contrast, group experimental designs use methods such as random assignment, control groups, and manipulation checks to ensure internal validity. Random assignment involves randomly assigning participants to different groups (e.g., treatment group and control group) to minimize the effects of confounding variables. Control groups are used to compare the effects of the intervention to no intervention or a different intervention. Manipulation checks are used to ensure that the independent variable (e.g., the intervention) is being implemented as intended.

To ensure external validity, single-subject experimental designs often use methods such as generalization probes and systematic replications. These methods involve testing the effects of the intervention in different settings or with different measures to ensure that the results can be generalized to a broader population.

In group experimental designs, researchers use methods such as random sampling, ecological validity, and cross-cultural studies to ensure external validity. Random sampling involves selecting participants from the population of interest to ensure that the results can be generalized to that population. Ecological validity involves testing the effects of the intervention in real-world settings to ensure that the results are applicable to everyday situations. Cross-cultural studies involve conducting the study in different cultural contexts to ensure that the results are applicable across diverse populations.

Overall, both single-subject and group experimental designs have specific methods to ensure internal and external validity, and researchers should carefully consider which design and methods are most appropriate for their research questions and goals.

Question 2

Exhibit 11-2: The following means (graphs a - e) show some possible outcomes of a study investigating the relationship of two handwriting instruction methods, A and B, on the handwriting scores of boys and girls.The scale on the left shows dependent variable scores.

-Refer to Exhibit 11-2.Which diagram shows interaction and method difference but no gender difference?

Accepted Answer

A)   graph (a) 
B)   graph (b) 
C)   graph (c) 
D)   graph (d) 
E)   graph (e)  D

Question 3

Which of the following experimental designs would have the strongest external validity?

Accepted Answer

A)   One-group pretest-posttest design
B)   Randomized subjects, posttest-only, control-group design
C)   Randomized subjects, pretest-posttest, control-group design
D)   Nonrandomized pretest-posttest, control-group design B

Question 4

The best experimental design to use to determine the effect of a pretest on the dependent variable is a(n)

Accepted Answer

A)   ABA design.
B)   counterbalanced design.
C)   Solomon four-group design.
D)   randomized pretest-posttest, control group design.

Question 5

What characteristic distinguishes factorial design?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What characteristic distinguishes factorial design?...

Question 6

This experimental design 
(R) $\quad$ X $\quad$$\quad$ Y2
(R) $\quad$  -    $\quad$  $\quad$ Y2
Is recommended for studies in which

Accepted Answer

A)   pretest reactivity is likely to occur.
B)   no control group is available.
C)   a large sample is available.
D)   only a small sample is available.

Question 7

Exhibit 11-4.Identify the major threat to internal validity in the following research studies.
-Refer to Exhibit 11-4.A researcher conducted a semester-long experiment comparing two instructional programs in math.During the administration of tests during the semester, the researcher found that about ten percent of the experimental group and about five percent of the control group were absent for each administration.

Accepted Answer

A)   Regression
B)   Diffusion
C)   Mortality
D)   Selection
E)   History

Question 8

Experimental designs differ mainly in

Accepted Answer

A)   number of independent variables.
B)   method of assigning subjects to treatments.
C)   number of pre-measurements of the dependent variable.
D)   a and b
E)   a, b, and c

Question 9

Exhibit 11-5: Indicate whether the following statements refer to internal validity or external validity.
-Refer to Exhibit 11-5.Are the findings of this study a result of the experimental treatment?

Accepted Answer

A)   internal validity
B)   external validity.

Question 10

Under which of the following circumstances would a researcher use a quasi-experimental design?

Accepted Answer

A)   Experimenter must employ a pretest.
B)   Experimenter must collect all the data him/herself.
C)   Experimenter cannot assign subjects to conditions.
D)   There is more than one independent variable.
E)   The pretest has a reactive effect.

Question 11

Describe the ABAB design.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe the ABAB design....

Question 12

The following experimental design would be recommended when 
(R) $\quad$ X $\quad$ Y
(R) $\quad$ --- $\quad$ Y

Accepted Answer

A)   no control group is available.
B)   matching is not feasible.
C)   pre-existing groups must be used in a school setting.
D)   a pretest may have an effect on the experimental treatment.

Question 13

A randomized matched subjects, control group design is beneficial whena.

Accepted Answer

A)   small samples are to be used in the study.
B)   classrooms are randomly assigned to different treatments.
C)   subjects are exposed to more than one treatment.
D)   the regression effect is likely to be a threat.

Question 14

Every subject receives every treatment in the

Accepted Answer

A)   counterbalanced design.
B)   randomized Solomon four-group design.
C)   randomized subjects pretest-posttest, control group design.
D)   randomized subjects posttest-only, control group design.
E)   nonrandomized control group pretest-posttest design.

Question 15

What are the advantages of factorial designs?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What are the advantages of factorial designs?...

Question 16

The critical difference between a true experiment and a quasi-experiment is whether the participants can be

Accepted Answer

A)  controlled.
B)  measured.
C)  analyzed.
D)  randomized.

Question 17

The credibility of a single-subject experiment is based on

Accepted Answer

A)   the extent of intersubject reliability.
B)   the extent to which behavior changes as treatment changes.
C)   how well regression as a threat to internal validity is controlled.
D)   the extent to which there is random assignment to treatments.

Question 18

Consider the following designs: (1)Nonrandomized pretest-posttest design; (2) Solomon three-group design; (3) two-group static design; (4) one-group pretest-posttest design; (5) counterbalanced design.Which of these would you recommend for use in the ordinary classroom setting?

Accepted Answer

A)   1 and 3
B)   1 and 5
C)   2 and 3
D)   3 and 4
E)   4 and 5

Question 19

A research study has a design with two groups receiving a pretest, one of which receives treatment and two groups who are not pretested, one of which receives treatment.This design is called a

Accepted Answer

A)   counterbalanced design.
B)   multiple group pretest-posttest design.
C)   Solomon design.
D)   2  ×	imes×  2 factorial design.

Question 20

For three weeks Mr.Gomez recorded the amount of homework his fourth grade students turned in.The next three weeks he rewarded those who turned in homework with free playtime and recorded the turn-in rate for these three weeks.Mr.Gomez is using which design?

Accepted Answer

A)   Counterbalanced
B)   One-group time series
C)   3 ×	imes× 1 ×	imes× 3 factorial
D)   Multiple single-subject design

Exam 11: Experimental Research Design

Compare the methods used in single-subject and group experimental designs to ensure internal validity and external validity of the research.

Which of the following experimental designs would have the strongest external validity?

The best experimental design to use to determine the effect of a pretest on the dependent variable is a(n)

What characteristic distinguishes factorial design?

This experimental design (R) $\quad$ X $\quad$ $\quad$ Y₂ (R) $\quad$ - $\quad$ $\quad$ Y₂ Is recommended for studies in which

Experimental designs differ mainly in

Exhibit 11-5: Indicate whether the following statements refer to internal validity or external validity. -Refer to Exhibit 11-5.Are the findings of this study a result of the experimental treatment?

Under which of the following circumstances would a researcher use a quasi-experimental design?

Describe the ABAB design.

The following experimental design would be recommended when (R) $\quad$ X $\quad$ Y (R) $\quad$ --- $\quad$ Y

A randomized matched subjects, control group design is beneficial whena.

Every subject receives every treatment in the

What are the advantages of factorial designs?

The critical difference between a true experiment and a quasi-experiment is whether the participants can be

The credibility of a single-subject experiment is based on

Consider the following designs: (1) Nonrandomized pretest-posttest design; (2) Solomon three-group design; (3) two-group static design; (4) one-group pretest-posttest design; (5) counterbalanced design.Which of these would you recommend for use in the ordinary classroom setting?

A research study has a design with two groups receiving a pretest, one of which receives treatment and two groups who are not pretested, one of which receives treatment.This design is called a

For three weeks Mr.Gomez recorded the amount of homework his fourth grade students turned in.The next three weeks he rewarded those who turned in homework with free playtime and recorded the turn-in rate for these three weeks.Mr.Gomez is using which design?

Exam 11: Experimental Research Design

Compare the methods used in single-subject and group experimental designs to ensure internal validity and external validity of the research.

Which of the following experimental designs would have the strongest external validity?

The best experimental design to use to determine the effect of a pretest on the dependent variable is a(n)

What characteristic distinguishes factorial design?

This experimental design (R) \quad X \quad\quad Y2 (R) \quad - \quad \quad Y2 Is recommended for studies in which

Experimental designs differ mainly in

Exhibit 11-5: Indicate whether the following statements refer to internal validity or external validity. -Refer to Exhibit 11-5.Are the findings of this study a result of the experimental treatment?

Under which of the following circumstances would a researcher use a quasi-experimental design?

Describe the ABAB design.

The following experimental design would be recommended when (R) \quad X \quad Y (R) \quad --- \quad Y

A randomized matched subjects, control group design is beneficial whena.

Every subject receives every treatment in the

What are the advantages of factorial designs?

The critical difference between a true experiment and a quasi-experiment is whether the participants can be

The credibility of a single-subject experiment is based on

Consider the following designs: (1) Nonrandomized pretest-posttest design; (2) Solomon three-group design; (3) two-group static design; (4) one-group pretest-posttest design; (5) counterbalanced design.Which of these would you recommend for use in the ordinary classroom setting?

A research study has a design with two groups receiving a pretest, one of which receives treatment and two groups who are not pretested, one of which receives treatment.This design is called a

For three weeks Mr.Gomez recorded the amount of homework his fourth grade students turned in.The next three weeks he rewarded those who turned in homework with free playtime and recorded the turn-in rate for these three weeks.Mr.Gomez is using which design?

This experimental design (R) $\quad$ X $\quad$ $\quad$ Y₂ (R) $\quad$ - $\quad$ $\quad$ Y₂ Is recommended for studies in which

The following experimental design would be recommended when (R) $\quad$ X $\quad$ Y (R) $\quad$ --- $\quad$ Y