Question 1

Would a correlation of -.50 be described in the same way?

Accepted Answer

A)   yes
B)   no A

Question 2

Exhibit 13-2: Choose the correlation coefficient that matches the following types of scales.
-Refer to Exhibit 13-2.Both variables are on an interval or ratio scale.

Accepted Answer

A)   Pearson's r
B)   Spearman rho
C)   phi coefficient A

Question 3

A researcher found a correlation of +1.21 between variables A and B.This means that

Accepted Answer

A)   there is a high relationship between the two variables.
B)   the relationship between the two variables is perfect.
C)   the variables could be predicted from one another with a high degree of accuracy.
D)   a mistake has been made in computation of the coefficient of correlation between the two variables D

Question 4

The purpose of cross-validation is to

Accepted Answer

A)   validate the test for different criteria.
B)   try out the test with the same sample after a period of time.
C)   confirm the correlation in a different sample.

Question 5

As the level of significance increases (e.g., from .01 to .05) in a test of the null hypothesis, the critical value of the Pearson's r

Accepted Answer

A)   increases.
B)   decreases.
C)   becomes more precise.
D)   is not affected.

Question 6

Exhibit 13-7: Choose the index of correlation appropriate for use in each of the following.
Exhibit
-Refer to Exhibit 13-7.Success or failure in algebra and gender

Accepted Answer

A)   Spearman rho
B)   Pearson's r
C)   Phi coefficient

Question 7

Exhibit 13-4: The following are the results of three factor analyses from tests 1 and 2.Data shown are factor loadings.
 $\begin{array}{llllll}
&\text { Test 1} &&&\text { Test 2} \
&\text {Factor}&&&\text {Factor}\
\text { Subtests }&A& B &C&A& B \
\
\text { Math computation } & .05 & .22 & .20 & .15 & .45 \
\text { Math concepts } & .08 & .18 & .15 & .20 & .85 \
\text { Math applications } & 10 & .15 & .12 & .12 & .89 \
\text { Math principles } & .01 & .10 & .09 & .10 & .84 \
\text { Reading comprehension } & .90 & .38 & .52 & .09 & .10 \
\text { English } & .78 & .62 & .25 & .38 & 21
\end{array}$
-Refer to Exhibit 13-4.Which test and factor appear to best measure what might be called a verbal ability?

Accepted Answer

A)   Test 1, Factor A
B)   Test 1, Factor C
C)   Test 2, Factor A
D)   Test 2, Factor B

Question 8

Exhibit 13-7: Choose the index of correlation appropriate for use in each of the following.
Exhibit
-Refer to Exhibit 13-7.Teachers ranking of importance of educational outcomes and their pupils ranking of these outcomes

Accepted Answer

A)   Spearman rho
B)   Pearson's r
C)   Phi coefficient

Question 9

Which of the following is most likely to be statistically significant

Accepted Answer

A)   small sample, low correlation.
B)   small sample, high correlation.
C)   large sample, low correlation.
D)   large sample, high correlation.

Question 10

The correlation between variables X and Y was found to be .95.This indicates that

Accepted Answer

A)   X is the probable cause of Y.
B)   Y is the probable cause of X.
C)   X and Y share 95 percent of the variance in scores.
D)   low scores on X are accompanied by low scores on Y.

Question 11

The phi coefficient is used to find the relationship between two variables which are both measured on a(n)

Accepted Answer

A)   interval scale.
B)   ratio scale.
C)   nominal scale.
D)   ordinal scale.

Question 12

A high negative correlation was found between days absent from school and grade achievement for middle school students.This finding means that

Accepted Answer

A)   absence from school causes low achievement.
B)   students who miss school more often tend to make lower grades than students who attend regularly.
C)   low achievement causes high absence from school.
D)   measures on the two variables do not tend to covary.

Question 13

Exhibit 13-8.Among the considerations for assessing the utility of a correlation are: absolute size and predictive validity, comparisons to other correlations, and statistical significance.Choose the appropriate consideration to answer each of the following questions.
-Refer to Exhibit 13-8.Which of these assesses the likelihood that the observed correlation is a function of chance?

Accepted Answer

A)   absolute size and predictive validity
B)   comparisons to other correlations
C)   statistical significance

Question 14

A study found that college students who work part-time have higher GPAs than either students who don't work at all or students who have full-time jobs.This finding indicates that the relationship between weekly hours worked and GPA is

Accepted Answer

A)   positive
B)   negative.
C)   curvilinear.
D)   negligible.

Question 15

If a computed Pearson's correlation coefficient is statistically significant at the .01 level,

Accepted Answer

A)   an important relationship between the variables is assured.
B)   the two variables have a negligible relationship.
C)   it is highly likely that a relationship exists between the variables in the population.
D)   the correlation between the variables is positive.

Question 16

A major reason for conducting correlational studies is to

Accepted Answer

A)   establish cause-and-effect relationships among variables.
B)   determine the effectiveness of various instructional methods.
C)   identify variables that have a substantial relationship with certain dependent variables.

Question 17

Before calculating a correlation coefficient, a researcher wants to determine whether the relationship between the two variables is linear.Which of the following would be most appropriate to use?

Accepted Answer

A)   Histogram
B)   Frequency polygon
C)   Data matrix
D)   Scatterplot

Question 18

The basic aim of multiple regression is to

Accepted Answer

A)   calculate the correlation between a combination of independent variables and a number of dependent variables.
B)   calculate the average of a combination of correlation coefficients between predictors and criterion.
C)   develop a correlation matrix.
D)   calculate the correlation between a combination of independent variables and a single dependent variable.

Question 19

Exhibit 13-6: A researcher collects the following measures on a sample of college students: scores on the SAT and the ACT, scores on an English composition test, high school class rank, scores on a noncognitive measure, whether or not students successfully completed the first year of college (pass-fail), and their GPA.Choose the statistical procedures that the researcher should use to answer the following questions.
-Refer to Exhibit 13-6.Does the combination of variables predict whether or not students successfully completed the first year of college?

Accepted Answer

A)   Partial correlation
B)   Factor analysis
C)   Multiple regression
D)   Discriminant analysis
E)   Product-moment correlation

Question 20

The purpose of canonical correlation is to determine the magnitude of the relationship between

Accepted Answer

A)   a set of predictor variables and a set of criterion variables.
B)   a set of predictor variables and an individual's group membership.
C)   two or more factor scores.
D)   a set of predictor variables and a single criterion variable.

Exam 13: Correlation Research